Structural Concrete: Theory & Design

Structural Concrete......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Notation......Page 19
Conversion Factors......Page 25
1.2 Historical Background......Page 27
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete......Page 29
1.5 Design Philosophy and Concepts......Page 30
1.6 Units of Measurement......Page 31
1.7 Loads......Page 32
1.8 Safety Provisions......Page 34
1.9 Structural Concrete Elements......Page 35
1.11 Accuracy of Calculations......Page 36
1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings......Page 37
References......Page 40
2.1 Factors Affecting Strength of Concrete......Page 41
2.2 Compressive Strength......Page 43
2.3 Stress--Strain Curves of Concrete......Page 44
2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete......Page 46
2.5 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) of Concrete......Page 47
2.7 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete......Page 48
2.9 Shear Modulus......Page 49
2.11 Volume Changes of Concrete......Page 50
2.12 Creep......Page 52
2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete......Page 54
2.16 High-Performance Concrete......Page 90
2.17 Lightweight Concrete......Page 91
2.19 Steel Reinforcement......Page 92
Summary......Page 96
Referecnces......Page 98
Problems......Page 99
3.1 Introduction......Page 101
3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam Loaded to Failure......Page 102
3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits......Page 106
3.5 Load Factors......Page 110
3.6 Strength Reduction Factor φ......Page 111
3.7 Significance of Analysis and Design Expressions......Page 113
3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution......Page 114
3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending......Page 116
3.10 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel......Page 127
3.11 Adequacy of Sections......Page 128
3.12 Bundled Bars......Page 132
3.13 Sections in the Transition Region (φ < 0.9)......Page 133
3.14 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement......Page 135
3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections......Page 146
3.16 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped Sections......Page 155
3.18 Sections of Other Shapes......Page 156
3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tables......Page 159
3.20 Additional Examples......Page 160
3.21 Examples Using SI Units......Page 162
Summary......Page 164
References......Page 167
Problems......Page 168
4.2 Rectangular Sections with Reinforcement Only......Page 172
4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover......Page 175
4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement......Page 182
4.5 Design of T-Sections......Page 189
4.6 Additional Examples......Page 194
4.7 Examples Using SI Units......Page 199
Summary......Page 201
Problems......Page 205
5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams......Page 209
5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement......Page 212
5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength......Page 214
5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement......Page 216
5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements......Page 219
5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups......Page 222
5.8 Design Summary......Page 226
5.9 Shear Force due to Live Loads......Page 230
5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of Variable Depth......Page 234
5.11 Examples Using SI Units......Page 241
Summary......Page 243
Problems......Page 244
6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members......Page 248
6.2 Instantaneous Deflection......Page 249
6.3 Long-Time Deflection......Page 255
6.5 Deflection due to Combinations of Loads......Page 256
6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members......Page 265
6.7 ACI Code Requirements......Page 269
Summary......Page 274
References......Page 275
Problems......Page 276
7.1 Introduction......Page 279
7.2 Development of Bond Stresses......Page 280
7.3 Development Length in Tension......Page 283
7.4 Development Length in Compression......Page 287
7.5 Summary for Computation of Id in Tension......Page 288
7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members......Page 291
7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 12.5 and 7.1)......Page 295
7.8 Splices of Reinforcement......Page 298
7.9 Moment--Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points)......Page 303
Summary......Page 308
Problems......Page 309
*8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model......Page 313
*8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model......Page 316
*8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According to AASHTO LRFD......Page 325
*8.6 Deep Members......Page 326
References......Page 342
9.1 Types of Slabs......Page 343
9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs......Page 345
9.3 Design Limitations According to ACI Code......Page 346
9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement......Page 347
9.5 Reinforcement Details......Page 348
9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams......Page 349
*9.7One-Way Joist Floor System......Page 354
Summary......Page 357
Problems......Page 359
10.2 Types of Columns......Page 361
10.4 ACI Code Limitations......Page 363
10.5 Spiral Reinforcement......Page 365
10.6 Design Equations......Page 367
10.8 Long Columns......Page 368
Summary......Page 371
Problems......Page 372
11.1 Introduction......Page 374
11.3 Load--Moment Interaction Diagram......Page 376
11.4 Safety Provisions......Page 379
11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections......Page 380
11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading......Page 383
11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure......Page 385
11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure......Page 388
11.9 Interaction Diagram Example......Page 394
*11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars......Page 395
*11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns......Page 399
11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts......Page 404
11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading......Page 409
*11.14 Biaxial Bending......Page 415
*11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending......Page 417
*11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending......Page 420
*11.17 Parme Load Contour Method......Page 421
*11.18 Equation of Failure Surface......Page 426
*11.19 SI Example......Page 429
Summary......Page 431
Problems......Page 433
12.1 Introduction......Page 438
12.2 Effective Column Length (Klu)......Page 439
12.3 Effective Length Factor (K)......Page 440
12.4 Member Stiffness (EI)......Page 441
12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (Klu/r)......Page 445
12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method......Page 446
Summary......Page 457
References......Page 458
Problems......Page 459
13.1 Introduction......Page 461
13.2 Types of Footings......Page 463
13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure......Page 466
13.4 Design Considerations......Page 467
13.5 Plain Concrete Footings......Page 477
*13.6 Combined Footings......Page 490
*13.7 Footings Under Eccentric Column Loads......Page 496
*13.8 Footings Under Biaxial Moment......Page 498
*13.10 Footings On Piles......Page 501
Summary......Page 502
Problems......Page 505
14.2 Types of Retaining Walls......Page 508
14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls......Page 510
14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures......Page 511
14.5 Effect of Surcharge......Page 515
14.7 Stability against Overturning......Page 517
14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls......Page 518
14.9 Design Requirements......Page 519
14.10 Drainage......Page 520
14.11 Basement Walls......Page 531
Summary......Page 535
Problems......Page 536
*15.1 Introduction......Page 541
*15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams......Page 542
*15.3 Torsional Stresses......Page 543
*15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections......Page 546
*15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members......Page 547
*15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure)......Page 552
*15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures......Page 560
Summary......Page 568
References......Page 569
Problems......Page 570
16.1 Introduction......Page 573
16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams......Page 574
16.3 Building Frames......Page 579
16.4 Portal Frames......Page 581
16.5 General Frames......Page 583
16.6 Design of Frame Hinges......Page 585
16.7 Introduction to Limit Design......Page 597
16.8 The Collapsec Mechanism......Page 598
16.9 Principles of Limit Design......Page 599
16.11 Limit Analysis......Page 601
16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges......Page 605
16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure......Page 611
16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in Continuous Beams......Page 615
Summary......Page 624
References......Page 625
Problems......Page 626
17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs......Page 629
17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems......Page 633
17.4 Design Concepts......Page 634
17.5 Column and Middle Strips......Page 638
17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection......Page 640
17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs......Page 644
17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method......Page 649
17.9 Design Moments in Columns......Page 678
17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns......Page 679
17.11 Waffle Slabs......Page 691
17.12 Equivalent Frame Method......Page 699
Summary......Page 710
Problems......Page 712
18.1 Introduction......Page 715
18.2 Types of Stairs......Page 717
18.3 Examples......Page 732
References......Page 741
Problems......Page 742
19.1 Prestressed Concrete......Page 744
19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements......Page 755
19.3 Loss of Prestress......Page 757
19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members......Page 766
19.5 Design of Flexural Members......Page 776
19.6 Cracking Moment......Page 782
19.7 Deflection......Page 784
19.8 Design for Shear......Page 787
19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members......Page 795
19.10 End-Block Stresses......Page 797
Summary......Page 800
References......Page 802
Problems......Page 803
20.2 Seismic Design Category......Page 806
20.3 Analysis Procedures......Page 823
20.4 Load Combinations......Page 838
20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loads......Page 839
Problems......Page 875
21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams......Page 877
21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports......Page 884
21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading......Page 888
21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading......Page 891
21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan......Page 894
21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading......Page 897
21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam......Page 900
Summary......Page 904
Problems......Page 905
22.1 Introduction......Page 906
22.2 Typical Cross Sections......Page 907
22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Specificatioins......Page 910
22.4 Load Factors and Combinations (AASHTO 3.4)......Page 911
22.5 Gravity Loads......Page 915
22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects (AASHTO 5.7)......Page 924
22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8)......Page 925
22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.5)......Page 932
22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6)......Page 934
References......Page 963
Chapter 23 Design and Analysis Flowcharts......Page 964
Appendix A: Design Tables (U.S. Customary Units)......Page 988
Appendix B: Design Tables (SI Units)......Page 998
Appendix C: Structural Aids......Page 1006
Index......Page 1027