Stress: Neuroendocrinology and Neurobiology: Handbook of Stress

Front Cover......Page 2
STRESS: NEUROENDOCRINOLOGYAND NEUROBIOLOGY......Page 3
How to Use......Page 4
STRESS:NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGY......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
1 - NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROLOF THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 17
1 - Stress Neuroendocrinology: Highlights and Controversies......Page 19
NEUROENDOCRINE AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS CONTROL OF STRESS RESPONSE......Page 20
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO STRESS: GENE×ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION......Page 21
Neuroendocrine Correlates: No Consistent Evidence for Hypocortisolemia in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 22
Autonomic Nervous System Correlates of PTSD: Robust Evidence for Increased Sympathetic Activity and Arousal in PTSD......Page 23
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Conflict......Page 24
Impact of Normal Variability of Hippocampal Volume......Page 25
GASTRODUODENAL (PEPTIC) ULCERS: STRESS–HELICOBACTER PYLORI INTERACTIONS......Page 26
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS......Page 27
References......Page 28
INTRODUCTION......Page 33
KINDS OF STRESS AND THEIR UNDERPINNINGS......Page 34
LIMBIC MODULATION OF THE HPA AXIS......Page 35
INHIBITORY MODULATION: HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX......Page 36
MECHANISMS OF HPA MODULATION FOLLOWING REPEATED STRESS EXPOSURE......Page 37
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE......Page 39
References......Page 40
3 - Adrenergic Neurons in the CNS......Page 45
PROJECTIONS......Page 46
FUNCTIONS......Page 50
CONCLUSION......Page 51
References......Page 52
4 - Noradrenergic Control of Arousal and Stress......Page 55
Circuitry: α1 and β Receptors Promote Arousal in a Network of Subcortical Regions......Page 56
Noradrenergic Modulation of Neuronal Information Processing......Page 59
Attention: Flexible versus Focused......Page 60
Stress-Related Neuronal Plasticity......Page 61
Acknowledgments......Page 62
References......Page 63
INTRODUCTION......Page 65
EVOLUTION OF THE CRF FAMILY IN CHORDATES AND ROLE WITH THE HPA AXIS......Page 66
PRECHORDATE EVOLUTION OF THE CRF FAMILY......Page 69
References......Page 70
INTRODUCTION......Page 73
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR AND UROCORTIN RECEPTOR FAMILY......Page 74
Receptor Family Subtypes......Page 75
Interaction of Peptide and Nonpeptide Ligands......Page 76
The Argument for Receptor Kinetics......Page 77
Central Nervous System Indications......Page 78
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 79
References......Page 80
INTRODUCTION......Page 83
HINDBRAIN CATECHOLAMINE INPUTS TO THE CRH NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM......Page 84
IN VIVO INTERROGATION OF CATECHOLAMINE-CRH NEURON COUPLING......Page 85
CATECHOLAMINES ARE SUFFICIENT TO RECAPITULATE EFFECTS OF GLYCEMIC CHALLENGES ON CRH NEURONS......Page 88
CATECHOLAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM HINDBRAIN ARE NECESSARY FOR CRH RESPONSES TO GLYCEMIC CHALLENGES......Page 89
EXTENDING THE STUDY TO A LARGER NETWORK: FOCUS ON THE ARCUATE HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS......Page 91
Acknowledgments......Page 94
References......Page 95
8 - Neural Circuitry of Stress, Fear, and Anxiety: Focus on Extended Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Systems......Page 99
Subpopulations of EA CRF Neurons Based on Neurochemical Phenotypes......Page 100
EXTENDING THE AMYGDALA: CRF SYSTEMS AND THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF STRESS, FEAR, AND ANXIETY......Page 101
RECIPROCAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EA CRF AND SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS MODULATE ANXIETY......Page 102
EA CRF PROJECTIONS TO THE LOCUS COERULEUS FACILITATE STRESS-INDUCED AROUSAL AND ANXIETY STATES......Page 103
EA CRF SYSTEM AT THE INTERFACE OF STRESS AND MOTIVATION/REWARD......Page 104
EA CRF NEURONS RECEIVES PEPTIDERGIC INPUT FROM THE PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS......Page 105
CRF INTERACTION WITH THE BRAIN RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM......Page 106
EA CRF NEURONS MODULATE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVITY......Page 107
References......Page 109
INTRODUCTION......Page 113
Hypothalamo-Infundibular Tract......Page 114
Other Cell Bodies and Extrahypothalamic Projections......Page 115
Properties of Receptors for Vasopressin......Page 116
Gq/11......Page 117
Signaling Reactions of V2 Receptors......Page 118
AVP and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary Adrenocortical Axis......Page 119
AVP and Inflammation......Page 120
References......Page 121
INTRODUCTION......Page 125
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN......Page 126
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE FROM PITUITARY CORTICOTROPES......Page 127
CONTROL OF SECRETION......Page 128
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS......Page 129
OTHER EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE......Page 130
References......Page 131
INTRODUCTION......Page 133
MICRORNAS......Page 134
THE ROLE OF MIRNAS IN FEAR CONDITIONING......Page 136
The Role of miRNAs in Chronic Stress-Induced Major Depression......Page 137
CIRCULATING MIRNAS AS BIOMARKERS FOR STRESS-RELATED PSYCHOPATHOLOGIES......Page 138
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 139
References......Page 140
INTRODUCTION......Page 143
BODY TO BRAIN SIGNALING OF STRESS AND INFLAMMATION......Page 144
MICRORNAS-DRIVEN CHOLINERGIC MODULATION OF INFLAMMATION......Page 145
NEW TECHNOLOGIES: RNA-SEQUENCE PROFILING AND CHEMICALLY PROTECTED ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES......Page 146
References......Page 148
STRESS, TIME DOMAINS, AND MEDIATORS OF THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 151
ADULT NEUROGENESIS......Page 152
STRESS AND ADULT HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROGENESIS......Page 153
LONG-LASTING EFFECTS OF EARLY, PERINATAL STRESS EXPOSURE; SEX DIFFERENCES......Page 154
References......Page 156
THE STRESS RESPONSE SYSTEM......Page 163
ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) AND THE STRESS RESPONSE......Page 164
ALCOHOL, EPIGENETIC AND STRESS RESPONSE......Page 166
References......Page 167
INTRODUCTION......Page 169
NEUROBIOLOGY OF PANIC DISORDER AND PANIC ATTACKS......Page 170
Dorsomedial/Perifornical Hypothalamus, Panic Attacks, and Panic Disorder......Page 171
Serotonin, Panic Attacks, and Panic Disorder......Page 172
ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY OF SEROTONERGIC SYSTEMS......Page 173
Inhibitory Role of Serotonin in the DPAG: Behavioral and Physiological Outcomes......Page 175
Inhibitory Role of Serotonin in the DMH: Behavioral and Physiological Outcomes......Page 176
References......Page 177
INTRODUCTION: ADAPATIVE AND MALADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 181
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK/GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR......Page 183
PERTURBATIONS OF THE HPA AXIS AS A VULNERABILITY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PTSD......Page 184
References......Page 185
INTRODUCTION......Page 189
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis......Page 191
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Stress Response......Page 192
Immune System and Stress Response......Page 193
Feedback Control of the HPA Axis in Stress......Page 194
NEUROENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES IN CHRONIC STRESS AND DEPRESSION......Page 195
PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS AND DEPRESSION: A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 196
CONCLUSION......Page 197
References......Page 198
INTRODUCTION......Page 201
FACTORS IMPACTING TELOMERE LENGTH......Page 202
EARLY LIFE STRESS AND TELOMERES......Page 203
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY LIFE STRESS AND TELOMERE LENGTH......Page 204
Clinical Study Design: Cross-Section Versus Longitudinal Measurements......Page 205
References......Page 206
II - ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS AND MECHANISMS IN STRESS CONTROL......Page 211
INTRODUCTION......Page 213
STRESSORS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, AND THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 214
Development of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis......Page 216
Effects of Maternal Gestational Stress on the CNS......Page 217
Neonatal Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Function......Page 218
ADOLESCENCE......Page 219
Consequences of Adolescent Stressors......Page 220
References......Page 221
INTRODUCTION......Page 223
THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS......Page 225
THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–ADRENAL AXIS AND NORMAL AGING......Page 226
Reactive Cortisol......Page 227
The General Adaptation Syndrome......Page 228
The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis......Page 229
Allostatic Load Models......Page 230
Life History Theory......Page 232
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 233
References......Page 234
BACKGROUND......Page 237
MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS: CHARACTERIZATION......Page 238
ALDOSTERONE, CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY, AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS......Page 239
PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM......Page 240
References......Page 241
ANDROGENS MAJOR FORMS OF ANDROGENS......Page 243
Androgen Origins......Page 244
Androgen Synthesis Pathways......Page 245
Function......Page 246
Nongenomic Androgen Actions......Page 247
ANDROGEN-ASSOCIATED PATHOLOGY......Page 248
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN STRESS AND ANDROGENS......Page 249
References......Page 250
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme......Page 253
ENDOCRINE RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM......Page 254
RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND STRESS......Page 255
References......Page 257
INTRODUCTION......Page 259
Renin......Page 260
Angiotensinogen......Page 261
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme......Page 262
Type 1 AngII Receptors (AT1R)......Page 263
Type 2 Angiotensin Receptors......Page 264
Ang IV Receptor......Page 265
Angiotensin and Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis Activity......Page 266
The Renin–Angiotensin System and Behavior......Page 267
Angiotensin II and Water Homeostasis......Page 268
CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 269
References......Page 270
STRUCTURE OF ANX-A1......Page 273
DISTRIBUTION OF ANX-A1......Page 274
THE ANX-A1 RECEPTOR......Page 275
Control of Inflammatory Resolution......Page 276
ANX-A1–DERIVED PEPTIDES......Page 277
References......Page 278
PHARMACOLOGY OF CRF/UROCORTIN RECEPTOR SYSTEMS......Page 281
Subtype-Selective Peptide CRF Receptor Antagonists......Page 282
Pharmacophore and Selectivity......Page 283
Lipophilicity......Page 285
Anxiety Disorders......Page 286
Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 287
Pregnancy and Parturition......Page 288
Glossary......Page 289
References......Page 290
Further Reading......Page 293
INTRODUCTION......Page 295
The Glucocorticoid Receptors......Page 296
ANTIDEPRESSANTS EFFECTS ON GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS......Page 297
The Effects of Antidepressants on GR Function......Page 298
Mechanisms of Antidepressants Actions on GR......Page 299
References......Page 300
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND STABILITY OF LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS......Page 303
ENVIRONMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES ON LIPID CONCENTRATIONS AND LIPID VARIABILITY......Page 304
CHRONIC PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS......Page 305
Behavioral Factors......Page 306
Hemoconcentration......Page 307
FUTURE......Page 308
References......Page 309
INTRODUCTION......Page 311
OVERALL STRUCTURE......Page 312
RECEPTOR VARIANTS......Page 313
FINDING NUCLEAR TARGETS......Page 314
Coregulators......Page 315
References......Page 316
30 - Glucocorticoid Receptor: Genetics and Epigenetics in Veterans With PTSD......Page 319
PTSD AS A GENETIC DISORDER......Page 320
PTSD AS AN EPIGENETIC DISORDER......Page 321
References......Page 322
INTRODUCTION......Page 325
STRESS AND COGNITION: ACUTE EFFECTS......Page 326
Stress and Multiple Memory Systems......Page 328
Cognitive Effects of Chronic Stress During Adulthood......Page 329
References......Page 330
INTRODUCTION......Page 333
LEARNING AND MEMORY IS IMPAIRED IN MALES FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS......Page 334
LEARNING AND MEMORY IS ENHANCED IN FEMALES FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS......Page 335
ROLE OF ESTROGENS IN COGNITIVE RESILIENCE TO STRESS......Page 336
CHRONIC STRESS INCREASES ANXIETY IN BOTH SEXES......Page 337
SEX DIFFERENCES IN STRESS EFFECTS ON NEURONAL FUNCTION......Page 339
Acknowledgments......Page 340
References......Page 341
The Stress Response......Page 343
Corticosteroid Receptors: Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling......Page 344
Active and Passive Membrane Properties......Page 345
Amino Acid Transmission......Page 348
Rapid Effects on Synaptic Plasticity......Page 349
Slow Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity......Page 350
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 353
References......Page 354
DEFINITION: 11Β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE......Page 359
11Β-HSD2 IN THE ADULT CNS......Page 360
FETAL PROGRAMMING OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 361
11Β-HSD1 AND THE HPA AXIS......Page 362
CONCLUSIONS......Page 363
References......Page 364
INTRODUCTION......Page 367
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis......Page 368
Metabolic Dysregulation Related to Chronic Stress......Page 369
CHRONIC STRESS, DEPRESSION AND TYPE 2 DIABETES......Page 371
OBESITY-RELATED INFLAMMATION AS A CHRONIC STRESS STATE......Page 372
References......Page 373
CHOLESTEROL SIDE-CHAIN CLEAVAGE ENZYME: CYP11A1......Page 375
17-HYDROXYLASE: CYP17A1......Page 377
21-HYDROXYLASE: CYP21A2......Page 378
11Β-HYDROXYLASES: CYP11B1 AND CYP11B2......Page 379
References......Page 380
INTRODUCTION......Page 383
Chemical Aspects......Page 386
Pharmacokinetics......Page 388
Pharmacodynamics......Page 389
Chemical Aspects......Page 390
Antimineralocorticoids......Page 392
Pharmacodynamics......Page 393
Concomitant MR Stimulation During Glucocorticoid Therapy......Page 394
Brain MR and GR: Targets for Therapy......Page 395
Diagnostic Use......Page 396
References......Page 397
INTRODUCTION......Page 401
The Molecular Clockwork......Page 402
STRESS......Page 404
The Circadian and Ultradian Release of Glucocorticoids......Page 405
Acute Stress and the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus......Page 406
Stress and Depressive-Like Behavior Might be Linked to the Circadian Clock......Page 407
References......Page 408
INTRODUCTION......Page 411
THE NONGENOMIC EFFECTS OF GC ACTIONS RELATED TO CLINICAL USAGES......Page 412
The Nongenomic Effects of GCs in Antishock Action......Page 413
THE NONGENOMIC MECHANISM OF GC ACTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DRUGS......Page 414
References......Page 415
III - DIURNAL, SEASONAL, AND ULTRADIAN SYSTEMS......Page 417
CHRONOBIOLOGY AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS......Page 419
STRESS AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS......Page 420
STRESS AND INDIVIDUAL CHRONOTYPE......Page 421
A NOVEL STRESS-RELATED MODEL OF CARDIAC DISEASE WITH POSSIBLE CIRCADIAN VARIATION: TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY......Page 422
References......Page 425
INTRODUCTION......Page 427
SEASONAL ENERGETIC ADAPTATIONS......Page 428
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION......Page 429
WHY ARE STRESS RESPONSES SEASONALLY VARIABLE?......Page 430
References......Page 433
Further Reading......Page 434
EVIDENCE FOR SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHMS......Page 437
WHY DO SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHMS EXIST?......Page 439
AVIAN MIGRATION: TESTING SEASONAL GLUCOCORTICOID RHYTHM HYPOTHESES......Page 441
References......Page 442
ULTRADIAN RHYTHM OF THE HPA AXIS......Page 445
THE ORIGIN AND REGULATION OF GLUCOCORTICOID PULSATILITY......Page 446
IMPORTANCE OF PULSATILITY FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR......Page 447
CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF PULSATILITY......Page 450
References......Page 451
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Back Cover......Page 463