Stem cell therapy is a fast-growing field of medicine with remarkable prospects in a broad spectrum of diseases. Stem Cell Therapy: Practical Considerations addresses the biological properties of stem cells, mechanisms of action; as well as actual therapeutic decisions such as cell type, source, dose, manipulation, and route of injection.
After discussing all this data, the book will illustrate how to travel through the idea from abstract question to laboratory experiment, animal experiment and then on to design a clinical trial throughout all its phases. Written for scientists and postgraduate students in the field of stem cell research and therapy. The authors will cover practical therapeutic issues they have long experienced in the field.
Author(s): Hala M. Gabr, Wael Abo El-Kheir
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 164
City: London
Front Cover
Stem Cell Therapy
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
I. Stem cells: basic biology
1 Introduction
1.1 Establishing the concept of stem cells
Further reading
2 Anatomy and Histology
2.1 Blood supply
2.2 Niche
2.3 Hemopoietic stem cell niches
2.4 Differences between osteoblastic and vascular niches
2.5 Components of the hemopoietic stem cell niche
2.6 Mesenchymal stem cell niche
2.6.1 Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell niche
2.7 Mesenchymal stem niche in adipose tissue
2.7.1 Epidermal stem cell niche
2.7.2 Intestinal epithelial niche
2.8 Niche functions
2.9 Regulation of niche function
Further reading
3 Stem cells: definition, biological types, classifications, and properties
3.1 Definition
3.2 Classification
3.3 Properties
3.3.1 Potency
3.3.1.1 Totipotent stem cells
3.3.1.2 Pluripotent stem cells
3.3.1.3 Molecular determinants of pluripotency
3.3.1.4 Cell cycle profile of pluripotency
3.3.1.5 Multipotent stem cells
3.3.1.6 Oligopotent stem cells
3.3.1.7 Bipotent stem cells
3.3.1.8 Unipotent stem cells
3.3.2 Self-renewal
3.3.2.1 Regulation of self-renewal
3.3.3 Stem cell plasticity
3.3.4 Evidence of stem cell transdifferentiation
3.3.5 Theories of transdifferentiation
3.3.5.1 Requirements for proof of transdifferentiation
3.3.5.2 Factors affecting frequency of transdifferentiation
3.3.5.3 Induction of transdifferentiation
3.3.5.4 Evaluation of transdifferentiation
3.4 Differentiation
3.5 Homing and engraftment
3.5.1 Definition
3.5.2 Mechanism of homing
3.5.3 Enhanced and directed homing
3.5.4 Stem cell trafficking
3.5.5 Mechanism of stem cell trafficking
3.5.6 Role of stem cell trafficking in regeneration
Further reading
II. Stem cell induced regeneration: principles and applications
4 Mechanisms of stem cell–related regeneration
4.1 Regulation of tissue regeneration
4.2 Overview of the mechanism of regeneration
4.2.1 Transdifferentiation
4.2.2 Contribution to tissue regeneration
4.2.3 Variation in transdifferentiation potential
4.2.4 Molecular mechanisms of transdifferentiation
4.3 Signaling pathways involved in stem cell transdifferentiation
Mogrify algorithm
4.4 Activation of endogenous repair system
4.5 Induction of angiogenesis
4.5.1 Variability in angiogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells
4.6 Secretory function
4.6.1 Microvesicles and exosomes
4.6.2 Paracrine action
4.7 Mitochondrial transfer
4.7.1 Inducers of transfer
4.7.2 Mechanisms
4.7.3 Effects
4.7.4 Variability in mitochondrial transfer according to mesenchymal stem cell source
4.8 Microenvironment modulation
4.9 Conclusion
Further reading
5 Sources of stem cells for regenerative purposes
5.1 Characteristics of the ideal source of stem cells
5.2 Sources of mesenchymal stem cells
5.3 Skin mesenchymal stem cells
5.4 Periodontal ligament stem cells
5.4.1 Sources of hemopoietic stem cells
5.5 Cord blood
5.5.1 Sources of endothelial cells
5.6 Tissue-specific stem cells
Further reading
6 Basic concepts in stem cell therapy: stem cell therapy strategy development
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is the basic defect?
6.2.1 Cellular defects
6.2.2 Structural defects
6.3 Which cell lineage is the best for repair? Choosing optimum cell lineage
6.4 What is the best source for a cell type? Choosing the optimum cell source
6.4.1 Hemopoietic stem cells
6.4.2 Mesenchymal stem cells
6.5 What is the optimum laboratory protocol?
6.6 Choosing the optimum route of injection
6.7 Factors affecting homing of stem cells
6.7.1 Methods to improve stem cell homing
6.7.2 Mesenchymal stem cell homing
6.8 Optimal timing for cell therapy
6.9 Optimum number of cells for injection
6.10 Choosing the method of evaluation
Further reading
III. Guidelines for stem cell therapy
7 Stem Cell Therapy: Laboratory guidelines
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Regulatory bodies
7.1.1.1 Stem cell therapy types in regard to manipulation
7.2 Laboratory guidelines
7.2.1 Structural facilities
7.2.1.1 Good tissue practice
7.2.1.1.1 Good tissue practice environmental control
7.2.1.2 Good manufacturing practice
7.2.1.2.1 Facilities
7.2.1.2.2 Equipment
7.2.1.2.3 Basic equipment for stem cell laboratory are
7.2.1.2.4 Supplies and reagents
7.2.1.2.5 Processing and process control
7.2.2 Personnel qualifications and job description
7.2.2.1 Administrative team
7.2.2.2 Ethics team
7.2.2.3 Clinical evaluation team
7.2.2.4 Stem cell collection team
7.2.2.5 Stem cell handling team (laboratory)
7.2.2.6 Clinical followup team
7.3 Quality control team
Further reading
8 Protocol guidelines for clinical decisions in stem cell therapy
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Timing of intervention
8.1.2 Stem cell injection
8.1.2.1 Route of injection
8.1.3 Frequency of injection
8.1.3.1 Methods of evaluation
8.1.3.1.1 Patient
8.1.3.1.2 Cells
Reference
Further reading
9 Protocol guidelines: laboratory decisions in stem cell therapy
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Choosing the cell purification level
9.3 Choice of purification strategy
9.4 Choice of stem cell differentiation status
9.5 Choice of cell dose
9.6 Choice of tracking method
9.6.1 Methods of in vivo cell tracking
9.6.1.1 Experimental
9.6.1.2 Methods of in vivo tracking in humans
10 Phases of translational stem cell research
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Laboratory experiments
10.3 Preclinical, experimental
10.3.1 Value of animal experiments
10.3.1.1 Animal models
10.3.1.2 Species selection
10.3.1.3 Strain selection
10.3.1.4 Methods of inducing animal models
10.3.2 Small versus large animals
10.3.3 Challenges in animal experiments
10.3.4 Ethical considerations
10.4 Clinical trials
Further reading
11 Ethical guidelines of stem cell therapy
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Ethical guidelines for the use of embryonic cells
11.1.2 Ethical concerns
11.1.3 Ethical guidelines for preclinical studies
11.1.4 Principles of ethical guidelines of clinical translation
Further reading
12 Stem cell therapy: practical examples
12.1 Neuroregeneration
12.1.1 In vitro experiments
12.2 Experimental animal study
12.2.1 Induction of animal model
12.2.2 Stem cell therapy
12.2.3 Followup
12.3 Results
12.3.1 Clinical translational study
12.4 Results of clinical translational study
12.5 Replacement of defective protein
12.5.1 Epidermolysis bullosa
12.6 Results
12.7 Multifactorial defects
12.7.1 Results
12.7.1.1 In vitro experiments
12.7.1.2 Clinical results
12.8 Conclusion
Further reading
Appendix A
A.1 Standard operating procedures for stem cell therapy procedures
A.1.1 Collection
A.1.1.1 Collection of peripheral blood hemopoietic stem cells
A.1.1.2 Collection of bone marrow hemopoietic stem cells
A.1.1.3 Cord blood stem cell collection
A.1.1.4 Collection of stem cells from adipose tissue
A.1.2 Isolation
A.1.2.1 Mononuclear cell separation by density gradient centrifugation
A.1.2.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation from Wharton Jelly
A.1.3 Mesenchymal stem cell culture
A.1.3.1 Identification of mesenchymal stem cells
A.1.4 Differentiation
A.1.4.1 Plating cells for differentiation
A.1.4.2 Evaluation of differentiation
A.1.5 Coating of flasks
A.1.6 Labeling
Index
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