Statistics guide for student and researchers. With SPSS illustrations

Preface
Architecture of the study guide
Introduction to descriptive statistics
Levels of Measurement
Frequency distribution of ungrouped data
Frequency distribution of grouped data
Boxplot for groups variances
Review questions
Probability basics
Introduction
Probability of events
Conditional probability
Review questions
Introduction to probability distributions
Introduction to random variable
Cumulative distribution function
Expectation and standard deviation of discrete random variable
Continuous random variable
Review questions
Common discrete probability distributions
Binomial distribution
Poison distribution
Review questions
The normal distribution
Introduction
Standard normal probabilities
Normal approximation to Binomial distribution.
Review questions
Sampling distributions
Sampling methods
Sample Statistics
Sampling distribution statistic calculation
Central limit theorem
Interval estimation of population parameter
Confidence interval for a population mean
Confidence interval for population standard deviation
Confidence interval for population proportion
Review questions
Hypothesis test of single sample
Introduction
Hypothesis test for population mean
Hypothesis test for population standard deviation
Review questions
Goodness of fit test for normality
Chi – square goodness of fit test for normality
Kolmogorov – Smirnov (KS) goodness of fit test
Review questions
Independent and dependent samples hypothesis test
Dependent (paired) samples test
Independent samples t – test to compare means
Chi-square test for nominal variables independence
Review questions
Linear regression and correlation
Linear regression equation
Goodness of fit for the regression equation
Confidence interval for regression equation slope
Multiple linear regression
Correlation coefficient r
Review questions
One – way Analysis of variance (one – way ANOVA)
Randomized experimental design
One-way ANOVA test for three samples means equality
Fisher LSD multiple comparisons
Repeated measures one-way ANOVA
Review questions
Non-parametric tests
Kruskal – Wallis test
Mann-Whitney U test
Wilcoxon signed rank test
Spearman rank correlation coefficient
Friedman test
Review questions
Appendix A: questionnaire design for collecting sample data
Appendix B: SPSS data entry
Multiple response questions
Likert scale
Appendix C: Guide to selecting appropriate statistical test
Appendix D: Statistical tables
Standard normal left tail probabilities P (Z ≤ -z)
Chi – square ,̒-2. distribution table right tailed
Student’s t – distribution left tailed
F-distribution probabilities right tailed