Statistics: A Tool for Social Researchers

Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface to the Fourth Canadian Edition
Prologue: Basic Mathematics Review
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Why Study Statistics?
1.2 The Role of Statistics in Scientific Inquiry
1.3 The Goals of This Textbook
1.4 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables
1.6 Level of Measurement
READING STATISTICS 1: Introduction
Summary
Glossary
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Introduction to the Canadian General Social Survey, Canadian Community Health Survey, and SPSS
Part 1 Descriptive Statistics
Chapter 2: Basic Descriptive Statistics Percentages, Ratios and Rates, Tables, Charts, and Graphs
2.1 Percentages and proportions
2.2 Ratios and Rates
2.3 Frequency Distributions Introduction
2.4 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measuredat the Nominal and Ordinal Levels
2.5 Frequency Distributions for Variables Measured at the Interval-Ratio Level
2.6 Charts and Graphs
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Frequency Distributions and Graphs with the 2013 GSS
Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nominal-Level Measures
3.3 Ordinal-Level Measures
3.4 Visualizing Dispersion: Boxplots*
3.5 Interval-Ratio-Level Measures
3.6 Measures Of central Tendency and Dispersion for Grouped Data*
3.7 Choosinga Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion
3.8 Interpreting Statistics: the Central Tendency and Dispersion of Income in Canada
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Compute Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion with the 2012 CCHS
Chapter 4: The Normal Curve
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Computing Z Scores (STANDARD SCORES)
4.3 The STANDARD Normal Curve Table
4.4 Finding Total Area Above and Below a Score
4.5 Finding Areas Between Two Scores
4.6 Using the Normal Curveto Estimate Probabilities
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Histograms and Compute Z Scoreswith the 2012 CCHS
Part 2: From Description to Inference
Chapter 5: Introduction to Inferential Statistics Sampling and the Sampling Distribution
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Probability Sampling
5.3 The Sampling Distribution
5.4 Constructing the Sampling Distribution
5.5 Linking the Population, Sampling Distribution, and Sample
5.6 Symbols and Terminology
Summary
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Draw Random Samples with the 2012 CCHS
Chapter 6: Estimation Procedures for Sample Means and Proportions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bias and Efficiency
6.3 Estimation Procedures: Introduction
6.4 Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Means (sigma KNOWN)
6.5 Interval Estimation Procedures for Sample Means (sigma Unknown)
6.6 Graphing a Confidence Interval of a Sample Mean
6.7 Interval Estimation Procedures For Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
6.8 A Summary of the Computation of Confidence Intervals
6.9 Controlling the Width of Interval Estimates
6.10 Determining Sample Size
6.11 Interpreting Statistics: Predicting the Election of the Government of Canada and Judging its Performance
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Confidence Intervals with the 2012 CCHS
Part 3: Bivariate Relationships: Tests of Significance and Measures of Association
Chapter 7: Hypothesis Testing with Nominal and Ordinal Variables Chi Square
7.1 Introduction
7.2 An Overview of Hypothesis testing
7.3 The Five Step Model for Hypothesis Testing
7.4 Selectingan Alpha Level
7.5 Introduction to Chi Square
7.6 Bivariate Tables
7.7 The Logic of Chi Square
7.9 The Chi Square Test for Independence
7.10 The Limitations of Hypothesis testing: Significance versus importance
7.11 The Chi Squaretest: An Example
7.12 The Limitations of the Chi SquareTest
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Conduct the Chi Square Test with the 2013 GSS
Chapter 8: Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Nominal Level
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Association Between Variables and the Bivariate Table
8.3 Three Characteristics of Bivariate Associations
8.4 The Importance of Percentages and Some Errors of Interpretation
8.5 Introduction to Measures of Association
8.6 Chi Square–Based Measures of Association
8.7 Proportional Reduction in Error MEASURES of Association
8.8 Lambda: A Premeasure Of Association
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Analyze Bivariate Association with the 2013 GSS
Chapter 9: Measures of Association for Variables Measured at the Ordinal Level
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Logic of Pairs
9.3 Analyzing Relationships With Gamma, Kendall’s tau-band tau-c, and Somers’ d
9.4 Gamma, Kendall’s Tau-BAnd Tau-C, AND Somers’ D For Bivariate Tables
9.5 Interpreting Statistics: Whatare the Sources of Volunteerismin Canada?
9.6 Spearman’s RHO (rs)
9.7 Testing the Null Hypothesis of “No Association ”with Gamma and Spearman’s Rho
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Ordinal-Level Measures of Association with the 2013 GSS
Chapter 10: Hypothesis Testing with Means and Proportions The One-Sample Case
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hypothesis Testing WITH THEONE-SAMPLE CASE
10.3 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Testsof Hypothesis
10.4 The Student’st Distribution And the One-Sample case
10.5 Tests of Hypotheses for Single-Sample Proportions (Large Samples)
10.6 Hypothesis Testing Using Confidence Intervals
Summary
Summary of formulas
Glossary
Multime dia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Conduct a One-Sample Test with the 2012 CCHS
Chapter 11: Hypothesis Testing with Means and Proportions The Two-Sample Case
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Hypothesis Testing With Sample Means (Sigm KNOWN)
11.3 Hypothesis Testing With Sample Means (Sigma Unknown)
11.4 Hypothesis Testing With Sample Proportions (Large Samples
11.5 Hypothesis Testing Using Individual Confidence Intervals
11.6 Interpreting Statistics: Are There Significant Differences inIncome Between Men and Women?
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Test the Significance of the Difference Between Two Means with the 2013 GSS
Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing with MoreThan Two Means One-Way Analysis of Variance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Logic of the Analysis of Variance
12.3 The Computation of ANOVA
12.4 A Computational Shortcut
12.5 A Computational Example
12.6 A Test of Significance for ANOVA
12.7 An Additional Example For Computing And Testing The Analysis Of Variance
12.8 The Limitations Of The Test
12.9 Effect Size Measure Of Association For Anova: Eta-Squared
12.10 Interpreting Statistics: Doespersonal Well Beingvary By Marital Status?
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Conduct Analysis of Variance with the 2012 CCHS
Chapter 13: Hypothesis Testing and Measures of Association for Variables Measuredat the Interval-Ratio Level
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Scatterplots
13.3 Regression and Prediction
13.4 The Computation of a and b
13.5 The Correlation Coefficient (Pearson’s r )
13.6 Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient: r2
13.7 Testing Pearson’s r For Significance
13.8 Regression with Nominal- and Ordinal-Level Variables
13.9 Interpreting Statistics: The Correlates of Crime
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS to Produce Pearson’s r and the Regression Line with the 2012 CCHS
Part 4: Multivariate Techniques
Chapter 14: Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Partial Correlation
14.3 Multiple Regression: Predicting the Dependent Variable
14.4 Multiple Regression: Assessing the Effects of the Independent Variables
14.5 Multiple Correlation
14.6 Interpreting Statistics: Another Look at the Correlates of Crime
14.7 The Limitations of Partial Correlation and Multiple Regression and Correlation
Summary
Summary of Formulas
Glossary
Multimedia Resources
Problems
You Are the Researcher: Using SPSS for Regression Analysis with the 2012 CCHS
Appendix A: Area Under the Normal Curve
Appendix B: Distribution of t
Appendix C: Distribution of Chi Square
Appendix D: Distribution of F
Appendix E: Using Statistics: Ideas for Research Projects
Appendix F: An Introduction to IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows
Appendix G: Information and Code Books for the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey and 2013 General Social Survey
Answers to Odd-Numbered Computational Problems
Glossary
Index
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