Statistical techniques for data analysis

Statistical Techniques for Data Analysis......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
List of Figures......Page 15
List of Tables......Page 17
Table of Contents......Page 9
DEFINITION OF DATA......Page 19
Natural Data......Page 20
Counting Data and Enumeration......Page 21
VARIABILITY......Page 22
IMPORTANCE OF RELIABILITY......Page 23
METROLOGY......Page 24
COMPUTER ASSISTED STATISTICAL ANALYSES......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 26
DATA PRODUCTION MUST BE PLANNED......Page 28
THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD......Page 29
What Data are Needed......Page 30
DATA QUALITY INDICATORS......Page 31
QUALITY ASSURANCE......Page 33
IMPORTANCE OF PEER REVIEW......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
INTRODUCTION......Page 37
KINDS OF STATISTICS......Page 38
DECISIONS......Page 39
ACCURACY, PRECISION, AND BIAS......Page 40
Data Descriptors......Page 43
DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 45
TESTS FOR NORMALITY......Page 48
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS VALIDITY......Page 54
Introduction to MINITAB......Page 57
MINITAB Example......Page 60
EXERCISES......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
INTRODUCTION......Page 65
THE MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION......Page 66
USING DUPLICATE MEASUREMENTS TO ESTIMATE A STANDARD DEVIATION......Page 70
USING THE RANGE TO ESTIMATE THE STANDARD DEVIATION......Page 72
POOLED STATISTICAL ESTIMATES......Page 73
SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE......Page 74
LOG NORMAL STATISTICS......Page 82
MINIMUM REPORTING STATISTICS......Page 83
COMPUTATIONS......Page 84
EXERCISES......Page 86
REFERENCES......Page 89
INTRODUCTION......Page 90
Confidence Intervals For One Sample......Page 91
Does a Mean Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value?......Page 95
MINITAB Example......Page 96
Confidence Intervals For One Sample......Page 98
Does a Standard Deviation Differ Significantly from a Measured or Specified Value?......Page 99
Statistical Tolerance Intervals......Page 100
Combining Confidence Intervals and Tolerance Intervals......Page 103
Do Two Means Differ Significantly?......Page 105
MINITAB Example......Page 108
Do Two Standard Deviations Differ Significantly?......Page 109
MINITAB Example......Page 111
PROPAGATION OF ERROR IN A DERIVED OR CALCULATED VALUE......Page 112
EXERCISES......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 117
OUTLIERS......Page 118
The Rule of the Huge Error......Page 119
The Dixon Test......Page 120
The Grubbs Test......Page 122
Youden Test for Outlying Laboratories......Page 123
Cochran Test for Extreme Values of Variance......Page 125
MINITAB Example......Page 126
COMBINING DATA SETS......Page 127
Validation of a Method of Test......Page 130
Proficiency Testing......Page 131
RANDOM NUMBERS......Page 132
MINITAB Example......Page 133
EXERCISES......Page 136
REFERENCES......Page 138
TABLES......Page 140
Bar Charts......Page 141
Linear Graphs......Page 144
Nonlinear Graphs......Page 145
MINITAB Example......Page 146
Theoretical Relationships......Page 149
Linear Empirical Relationships......Page 150
Method of Selected Points......Page 151
Method of Averages......Page 152
Method of Least Squares......Page 155
MINITAB Example......Page 158
Summary......Page 161
EXERCISES......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 165
One Sample Topics......Page 166
Two-Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample......Page 167
One Sided Confidence Intervals for One Sample......Page 168
MINITAB Example......Page 169
Sample Sizes for Proportions-One Sample......Page 170
Two Sample Topics......Page 171
MINITAB Example......Page 172
Chi-Square Test of Association......Page 173
MINITAB Example......Page 174
Sample Sizes for Proportions-Two Samples......Page 175
MINITAB Example......Page 176
Censoring......Page 177
One Sample Topics......Page 178
Product Limit/ Kaplan Meier Survival Estimate......Page 179
MINITAB Example......Page 180
Log Rank Test......Page 183
MINITAB Example......Page 187
MINITAB Example......Page 188
Introduction......Page 192
Data Presentation......Page 193
MINITAB Example......Page 194
Smoothing......Page 195
MINITAB Example......Page 196
Moving Averages......Page 198
Summary......Page 199
EXERCISES......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 202
BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS......Page 203
Mean, Median, and Midrange......Page 205
Average Deviation......Page 206
TESTS FOR NONRANDOMNESS......Page 207
Runs in a Data Set......Page 208
Trends/Slopes......Page 209
Mean Square of Successive Differences......Page 210
COMPARING SEVERAL AVERAGES......Page 212
TYPE I ERRORS, TYPE II ERRORS, AND STATISTICAL POWER......Page 213
The Sign of the Difference is Not Important......Page 215
The Sign of the Difference Is Important......Page 216
The Ratio of Standard Deviation to Difference......Page 217
CRITICAL VALUES AND P VALUES......Page 218
MINITAB Example......Page 219
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 224
THE BEST TWO OUT OF THREE......Page 227
COMPARING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION WITH A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 228
CONFIDENCE FOR A FITTED LINE......Page 229
JOINT CONFIDENCE REGION FOR THE CONSTANTS OF A FITTED LINE......Page 233
SHORTCUT PROCEDURES......Page 234
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test......Page 235
EXTREME VALUE DATA......Page 238
Property Control Charts......Page 239
Precision Control Charts......Page 241
SIMULATION AND MACROS......Page 242
MINITAB Example......Page 243
EXERCISES......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 247
SUMMARY......Page 249
Statistical Tables......Page 251
Glossary......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 271
CHAPTER 3......Page 272
CHAPTER 4......Page 273
CHAPTER 5......Page 276
CHAPTER 6......Page 278
CHAPTER 7......Page 282
CHAPTER 8......Page 284