Computer science provides a powerful tool that was virtually unknown three generations ago. Some of the classical fields of knowledge are geodesy (surveying), cartography, and geography. Electronics have revolutionized geodetic methods. Cartography has faced the dominance of the computer that results in simplified cartographic products. All three fields make use of basic components such as the Internet and databases.
The Springer Handbook of Geographic Information is organized in three parts, Basics, Geographic Information and Applications. Some parts of the basics belong to the larger field of computer science. However, the reader gets a comprehensive view on geographic information because the topics selected from computer science have a close relation to geographic information.
The Springer Handbook of Geographic Information is written for scientists at universities and industry as well as advanced and PhD students.
Author(s): Wolfgang Kresse David M. Danko
Series: Springer Handbooks
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: 984
City: Cham
Preface
Abbreviations
Contents
List of Contributors
Part A Basics and Computer Science
1 Modeling of Geographic Information
1.1 Abstracting the Real World
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Modeling Features
References
2 Mathematics and Statistics
2.1 Data Integration with Adjustment Techniques
2.2 2-D Datum Transformations
2.3 Geostatistics
References
3 Databases
3.1 Historical Background
3.2 Relational Model
3.3 Object-Oriented Model
3.4 NoSQL
3.5 Indexing with B-Trees
3.6 Spatial Databases
3.7 Spatial Query Processing
3.8 Spatial Indexing
3.9 Network Databases
3.10 Raster Databases
3.11 Spatiotemporal Databases
3.12 Spatial Database Systems
References
4 Encoding of Geographic Information
4.1 Encoding Concepts
4.2 Sample Encoding Rules
4.3 Commonly Used Formats to Encode Geographic Information
References
5 Big Data Analytics
5.1 Overview
5.2 Definitions
5.3 Example Problems
5.4 Big Data Analysis Concepts
5.5 Technology and Tools
5.6 Challenges
5.7 Summary
References
Part B Geographic Information
6 Geographic Information Systems
6.1 Architecture of a GIS
6.2 GIS Functionality
References
7 Change Detection
7.1 Definition
7.2 Development of Change Detection over Time
7.3 Overview of Methods
7.4 Typical Applications
7.5 Probable Future Directions
References
8 Geodesy
8.1 Basics
8.2 Concepts
8.3 Reference Systems and Reference Frames
8.4 Coordinate Reference System
8.5 Height Systems and the Vertical Datum
8.6 Geopotential Models and the Geoid
8.7 Time Systems
8.8 Conversions, Transformations, and Projections
8.9 Coordinate Determination
References
9 Data Acquisition in Geographic Information Systems
9.1 Optical Sensors
9.2 Navigation Sensors
9.3 Photogrammetry
9.4 Sensor Fusion
9.5 Mapping Products
References
10 Remote Sensing
10.1 What Is Remote Sensing?
10.2 Theoretical Background
10.3 Technical Basics of Remote Sensing Data Acquisition
10.4 Data
10.5 Processing of Remote Sensing Data
10.6 Applications
10.7 Recent and Future Developments
References
11 Surveying
11.1 Surveying Instruments
11.2 Angle Meters and Measurement
11.3 Distance Measurement
11.4 Leveling
11.5 Global Navigation Satellite Systems
11.6 More Surveying Methods
References
12 Geometry and Topology
12.1 Geometry
12.2 Topology
12.3 Graph Theory and the Königsberg Bridge Problem
References
13 Cartography
13.1 Cartography in Review
13.2 Types of Maps
13.3 Cartographic Compilation
13.4 Symbols
13.5 Color
13.6 Type
13.7 Relief Portrayal
13.8 Map Design
13.9 Layout
References
14 Geospatial Metadata
14.1 Background
14.2 Interoperability
14.3 Applying Geospatial Metadata
14.4 Economic Benefits of Geospatial Metadata
14.5 Geospatial Metadata Element Types
14.6 Applying Metadata to the Data
14.7 Geospatial Metadata Standards
14.8 Geospatial Metadata Outlook
References
15 Standardization
15.1 Interoperability
15.2 Basics of Standards
15.3 Geomatics Standards
15.4 Liaison Members of ISO/TC 211
15.5 Open Geospatial Consortium
References
16 Geospatial Web Services
16.1 Background
16.2 Elements of Distributed Computing
16.3 Geospatial Web Services
16.4 Integrated Geospatial Client
16.5 Deploying Web Services
16.6 The Emergence of APIs
References
17 Geosemantic Interoperability and the Geospatial Semantic Web
17.1 Historical Background
17.2 What Is Semantics about?
17.3 Semantics Through Cognition
17.4 Ontology
17.5 Geosemantic Interoperability
17.6 Spatial Data Infrastructure and Geospatial Information Environment in Support of Geosemantic Interoperability
17.7 Geographic Information Standards – a Key Element for Geosemantic Interoperability
17.8 Geospatial Semantic Web Aiming at Geosemantic Interoperability
17.9 Conclusion
References
18 Registration of Geospatial Information Elements
18.1 Background
18.2 Requirements
18.3 Concept of a Register
18.4 Register Versus Registry
18.5 Registration Process
18.6 Register Structure
18.7 Federated Registers
18.8 Implementation of Registers
18.9 Example Registers
18.10 The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Registry
References
19 Security for Open Distributed Geospatial Information Systems
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Security Requirements
19.3 Standards for Interoperable Implementation of Security Functions
19.4 Summary
References
Part C Applications
20 Cadastre
20.1 International Standardization in the Field of Cadastre
20.2 Cadastre and Land Register in Germany
20.3 The German Cadastral System in the Digital Age
20.4 Cadastre and Land Register in The Netherlands
20.5 Cadastral and Land Register Data
20.6 Developments in the (Cadastral) Spatial Domain
20.7 Concluding Remarks
References
21 Building Information Modeling
21.1 Introduction to Building Information Modeling
21.2 Modeling
21.3 Collaboration Processes
21.4 BIM vs. GIM
21.5 Interoperability of BIM and GIM
21.6 Dissemination of BIM
21.7 Summary
Further Reading
22 Location-Based Services
22.1 LBS Components
22.2 LBS Applications
22.3 Core Tasks in LBS
22.4 Current Research Trends and Research Challenges
22.5 Summary
References
23 Marine Geographic Information Systems
23.1 Electronic Navigational Charts for Ship Operation at Sea
23.2 Chart Functions
23.3 Electronic Chart Data
23.4 Data Services
23.5 Data Display
23.6 Electronic Charts as a Component of E-Navigation
References
24 Geographic Information Systems in Agriculture
24.1 Spatial Data in Agriculture
24.2 Integrated Administration and Control System
24.3 Precision Agriculture
24.4 GIS on the Farm of Tomorrow
24.5 Outlook
References
25 Geographic Information Systems in Defense
25.1 Background and History
25.2 Scenarios
25.3 Situational Awareness
25.4 Network-Centric Warfare
25.5 Core Services
25.6 Functional Area Services
25.7 Military Standards
25.8 New Generation of Military Standards
25.9 Military Datasets
References
26 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation
26.1 GIS and Intelligent Transport Systems
26.2 Overall Legal Framework for Geospatial Information for Transportation in Europe
26.3 Transport Network Models
26.4 Transport Network Databases in Operation
26.5 Open Data Services
26.6 Location Referencing Methods Used for Transportation
26.7 Standards for Provision and Exchange
26.8 Discussion
References
27 Geology
27.1 Field Work
27.2 Geographic Information in Geology
27.3 Maps and Models
27.4 3-D Geological Models
27.5 Types of Geological Models
27.6 Data Structures
27.7 3-D Geological Modeling Software
27.8 Spatial Data Infrastructures
27.9 Future Challenges
References
28 Geographic Information Systems in Energy and Utilities
28.1 GIS is now a Platform
28.2 Overall Picture
28.3 System Design
28.4 Applications
28.5 Summary
Further Reading
29 Geographic Information Systems in Health and Human Services
29.1 What Is Health?
29.2 A Brief History of Geography and GIS in HHS
29.3 Geography Is Destiny in Health
29.4 GIS Relevance to Public Health
29.5 GIS and HHS Education
29.6 An Abbreviated History of “Geomedicine”
29.7 Summary
References
30 Open Source – GIS
30.1 History of FOSS Geospatial Tools
30.2 Free and Open Source Licenses
30.3 Desktop GIS
30.4 Data Stores and Datacubes
30.5 Spatial Tools
30.6 Web Services
30.7 Geospatial Libraries
30.8 Virtual Globes
30.9 OSGeoLive
References
31 Smart Cities
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Unique Capabilities of Spatially Enabled Systems
31.3 Spatial Data Options for Smart Cities
31.4 Spatial Standards, Data Models, Architecture, and Organization
31.5 Use Categories and Use Cases for Spatially Smart Cities
31.6 Return on Investment
31.7 Conclusion: Smart Cities Must Be Spatially Enabled
References
Glossary
Index
