Cover
Open Access Acknowlegdments
Copyright Page
Contents Page
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
1
Natural environment and research history
1.1 Geographic location and terrain
1.2 Geology, climate and resources
1.3 Palagruža and Adriatic navigation
1.4 Geomorphological changes
1.5 Research history
Figure 1. Location of Palagruža in the Adriatic Sea.
Figure 2. Palagruža archipelago.
Figure 3. View of Vela Palagruža from Mala Palagruža (1993).
Figure 4. Dolomite cliffs of the southern slope of Vela Palagruža, with Lanterna (lighthouse) on their summit (2003).
Figure 5. Xerothermal maquis dominated by the tree spurge (Euphorbia dendroides), left: in May (1993), right: in September (2004).
Figure 6. View of Palagruža, left: from Vis (1993), right: from Gargano (2008).
Figure 7. Dominant currents in central Adriatic, and distances from Palagruža to the neighboring islands and mainland.
Figure 8. View of Zolo from Salamandrija (2004).
Figure 9. Sea level change in central Adriatic during the last 8000 years.
Figure 10. Cliff collapse caused by marine erosion at the eastern end of Vela Palagruža, below Jankotova njiva (2004).
Figure 11. Objects made of flaked chert collected from Palagruža; not to scale (after Marchesetti 1876: Plate 2: 1-6).
Figure 12. A selection of flaked chert objects collected from Palagruža, from the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb.
Figure 13. A selection of flaked chert objects collected from Palagruža, from the Archaeological Museum Split
Figure 14. Bifacial points made of flaked chert, collected from Palagruža; not to scale (after Petrić 2004: Figure 8).
Figure 15. Position of Salamandrija relative to Zolo and Lanterna (2002).
Figure 16. Salamandrija before the beginning of area excavation, with Lanterna in the background (1996.).
Figure 17. Salamandrija, plan of the site indicating the explored areas.
Figure 18. Test trenches on the northern slope of Salamandrija (1993).
Figure 19. Area excavation at Salamandrija (2004).
Figure 20. Salamandrija, spatial distribution of prehistoric potsherds and flaked stone artifacts.
Figure 21. Northern slope of Salamandrija, left: density of finds in test trenches, right: quantities of finds by intensive surface survey transects.
Figure 22. Salamandrija, an Impressed Ware sherd.
Figure 23. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic potsherds, 6th-4th millennium BC.
Figure 24. Partial vessel shape reconstructions of 3rd millennium BC pottery.
Figure 25. Ideal complete vessel reconstructions of 3rd millennium BC pottery.
Figure 26. Estimated vessel sizes.
Figure 27. Basic decorative elements.
Figure 28. Basic decorative motifs.
Figure 29. Partially preserved complex decorative designs.
Figure 30. Partially preserved complex decorative designs.
Figure 31. Salamandrija, a selection of peculiar, stylistically indeterminate potsherds from the 3rd millennium BC.
Figure 32. Salamandrija, a selection of characteristic Cetina style potsherds.
Figure 33. Salamandrija, a selection of characteristic Ljubljana-Adriatic style potsherds.
Figure 34. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-12 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 35. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-12 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 36. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-20 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 37. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-15 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 38. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-13 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 39. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-13 fragments of open bowls with wide rim.
Figure 40. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-18 fragments of open bowls with simple rim.
Figure 41. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-17 fragments of tall-necked beakers with everted rim.
Figure 42. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-8 fragments of tall-necked beakers with everted rim, 9-12 fragments of vessels with everted rim, 13-19 fragments of deep carinated bowls or beakers, 20 fragment of a vessel w
Figure 43. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-6 fragments of vessels of indeterminate shape.
Figure 44. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-6 fragments of flat bases, 7-9 fragments of protruding bases, 10-19 fragments of ring-foot bases.
Figure 45. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-5 fragments of high pedestal bases, 6-8 fragments of navel-shaped bases, 9 peg-shaped foot, 10-19 handles, 20 lug handle, 21-25 other objects made of fired clay.
Figure 46. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. Basic decorative motifs: 1-17 surfaces, 18-24 series, 25-34 series along lines.
Figure 47. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. Basic decorative motifs: 1-33 bands.
Figure 48. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. Basic decorative motifs: 1-11 bands, 12-16 series along bands, 17-29 geometric shapes; 30-33 parts of complex decorative designs.
Figure 49. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 3rd millennium BC. 1-32 parts of complex decorative designs.
Figure 50. Salamandrija, a selection of diagnostic pottery, 2nd millennium BC.
Figure 51. Salamandrija, a selection of thermally altered artifacts, probably made of Gargano cherts.
Figure 52. Brown Maiolica chert: mt 30i, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right).
Figure 53. Brown Maiolica chert, top and middle rows: mt 30e, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right), arrows indicate planktonic foraminifers; bottom row: mt 30ep, photograph (left) and microphotogr
Figure 54. Brown Maiolica chert, top and middle rows: mt 30c, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right); bottom row: mt 30cp, photograph (left) and microphotograph of polished section in reflected ligh
Figure 55. Brown Maiolica chert: mt 30a, photograph (left) and microphotograph of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right).
Figure 56. Gray Maiolica chert: mt 32a, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (middle) and cross-polarized light (right).
Figure 57. Black Maiolica chert: mt 31c, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right).
Figure 58. Maiolica conglomerate chert: mt 33ap, photographs (left and middle) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right); a flake with nodular cortex (1), patinated nodule core (2) and lithoclasts incorporated in cortex
Figure 59. Scaglia red chert: mt 35a, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right).
Figure 60. Silicified detritic calcarenite, top row: mt 39dp, photograph (left), microphotograph of polished section in reflected light (middle), and microphotograph of thin section in polarized light (right); left: ferrous patina and soil particles in ho
Figure 61. Palagruža chert: mt 17b, photographs (left) and microphotographs of thin sections in transmitted polarized light (right).
Figure 62. Salamandrija, 1-2 cores, 3 blade segment terminating in hinge fracture, 4-6 overshot blades.
Figure 63. Salamandrija, 1-24 selected prismatic blades and blade segments.
Figure 64. Prismatic blades width histogram and boxplot.
Figure 65. Point types and measurement.
Figure 66. Salamandrija, bifacial points, 1-17 Type 1, 18-22 Type 2, 23-44 Type 3, 45-54 Type 4, 55-60 Type 5, 61 indeterminate, 62 preform.
Figure 67. Weight and relative thickness of Type 1 points compared to points of all other types (average, 1SD range, minimum and maximum).
Figure 68. Point size by type (average length and width with their respective 1SD ranges).
Figure 69. Point elongation by type (average, 1SD range, minimum and maximum).
Figure 70. Base length relative to length and width of the point, by type (average, 1SD range, minimum and maximum).
Figure 71. Proposed reconstructions of arrows tipped by bifacial points (1-5) and composite points made of microlithic crescents (7, 8) in combination with a bifacial point (6) and a transversal point (9) (illustration: Iva Patarčec).
Figure 72. Salamandrija, 1-45 microlithic crescents, 46 transversal point.
Figure 73. Size of microlithic crescents.
Figure 74. Salamandrija, 1-14 retouched blades.
Figure 75. Salamandrija, 1-3 oblique truncations on blades, 4 retouched blade segment, 5-6 bifacially retouched blade segments, 7 end scraper on retouched flake, 8 and 10 ‘pointed blades’, 9 gunflint.
Figure 76. Map showing obsidian sources in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Figure 77. Map showing sites near the Adriatic Sea with ten or more obsidian artifacts tested.
Figure 78. Conducting pXRF analyses on obsidian in Croatia.
Figure 79. Graph showing the elemental groups for the different sources (Carpathian, Lipari, Palmarola, Pantelleria, Sardinia, Melos) and the Palagruža artifacts.
Figure 80. Graph showing the subsources for Lipari, along with 45 of the artifacts tested.
Figure 81. Graph showing the two Melos subgroups, along with four artifacts tested.
Figure 82. Salamandrija, obsidian artifacts.
Figure 83. Obsidian prismatic bladelets width histogram and boxplot.
Figure 84. Salamandrija, ground stone objects.
Figure 85. Proposed reconstructions of wristguards attached to the inside or the outside of the lower arm (illustration: Iva Patarčec).
Figure 86. Wristguards from eastern Adriatic sites, 1 Bitelić (Marović 1994: Figure 5: 2; Milošević 1998: Figure 216), 2 Kekezova gomila (Marović 1994: Figure 5: 1), 3 and 4 Ravlića pećina (Marijanović 1981: Plate 5: 4, 5), 5 Grotta dei Ciclami (Gilli and
Figure 87. Artifacts made of mollusk shell, 1 discoid bead made probably of Spondylus gaederopus, 2 pendant made of Luria lurida.
Figure 88. A couple of Luria lurida shells collected from a beach in Pelješac Peninsula.
Figure 89. Approximate time spans of temporally sensitive find categories.
Figure 90. Jankotova njiva, view towards east with Mala Palagruža in the background (1993).
Figure 91. Plan of Jankotova njiva.
Figure 92. Jankotova njiva, eastern edge of the site (2004).
Figure 93. Jankotova njiva, test excavation (1993).
Figure 94. Jankotova njiva, a flaked stone artifact photographed in situ on the surface of the site (2004).
Figure 95. Jankotova njiva, a selection of finds, 1-5 pottery, 6-7 chert.
Figure 96. View of the central part of the island from Lanterna, with marked positions of archaeological sites (2004).
Figure 97. Pod lozje, an Impressed Ware sherd.
Figure 98. Stradun, a selection of diagnostic potsherds.
Figure 99. Mala Palagruža, left: part of a chert nodule contained in carbonate host rock; right: a rock hollow with traces of chert (2004).
Figure 100. Location of remote islands in the Adriatic Sea.
Figure 101. Remote islands of the Adriatic drawn to the same scale.
Figure 102. Uvala Duga, site SU002, fragments of an open bowl with wide rim, decorated on the exterior, interior, and top of the rim by incision, excision and incrustation.
Figure 103. Diachronic changes in the abundance of archaeological evidence for remote Adriatic islands
Figure 104. Characteristic Ljubljana-Adriatic style pottery: 1, 5-8, 10, 12 Ig (after Korošec and Korošec 1969 and Dimitrijević 1979a); 2-4, 9 Otišić (after Milošević and Govedarica 1986); 11 Vaganačka pećina (after Forenbaher and Vranjican 1985); 13 Mari
Figure 105. Map of Ljubljana-Adriatic pottery style distribution. Numbers on the map correspond to numbers of sites in the Appendix.
Figure 106. Characteristic Cetina style pottery: 1 Škarin Samograd (after Marović and Čović 1983); 2, 5, 6, 8-10, 12 Lukovača (after Marović 1991); 3 Ljubomir (after Marović and Čović 1983); 4 Rudine (after Marović 1991); 7 Pisciulo (after Cataldo 1996);
Figure 107. Map of Cetina pottery style distribution. Numbers on the map correspond to numbers of sites in the Appendix.
Figure 108. Characteristic pottery decorated by coarse incision: 1 Otišić (after Milošević and Govedarica 1986); 2 Gomile više lada (after Marović and Čović 1983).
Figure 109. Map of coarse incised pottery distribution. Numbers on the map correspond to numbers of sites in the Appendix.
Figure 110. Radiocarbon dates for Ljubljana-Adriatic and Cetina pottery styles (probability density distributions and calibrated 1SD ranges).
Figure 111. Modeled start and end dates for Ljubljana-Adriatic and Cetina styles (probability density distributions and calibrated 1SD ranges).
Figure 112. Modeled dates for the transition from Ljubljana-Adriatic to Cetina style (probability density distributions and calibrated 1SD ranges).
Figure 113. Radiocarbon dates for Ljubljana-Adriatic style (probability density distributions and calibrated 1SD ranges) grouped by region. Dates from mixed (Ljubljana-Adriatic and Cetina) contexts of Grapčeva and Nakovana caves have been included. Only t
Figure 114. Geographic location of sites covered by this overview (numbers on the map correspond to numbers in the list).
2
2.1.1. Archaeological investigations 1992-2009
2.1.1.1 Surface survey
2.1.1.2 Test trenching
2.1.1.3 Area excavation
2.1.1.4. Spatial distribution of finds
Sites
2.1. Salamandrija
2.1.2. Pottery
2.1.2.1 Pottery from sixth to fourth millennium BC
2.1.2.2 Pottery from third millennium BC
2.1.2.2.1 Vessel shapes and sizes
2.1.2.2.1.1 Open bowls with wide rim
2.1.2.2.1.2 Open bowls with simple rim
2.1.2.2.1.3 Tall-necked beakers with everted rim
2.1.2.2.1.4 Vessels with everted rim
2.1.2.2.1.5 Deep carinated bowls or beakers
2.1.2.2.1.6 Vessel with constricted cylindrical neck
2.1.2.2.1.7 Unclassified vessel parts
2.1.2.2.2 Vessel decoration
2.1.2.2.2.1 Basic decorative elements
2.1.2.2.2.2 Basic decorative motifs
2.1.2.2.2.3 Complex decorative designs
2.1.2.2.2.4 Location and frequency of decoration
2.1.2.2.3 Concluding remarks about the third millennium BC pottery
2.1.2.3 Pottery from second and first millennium BC
2.1.2.4 Whence the pottery on Palagruža?
2.1.3 Flaked stone artifacts
2.1.3.1 Origin of the raw material for flaked stone artifacts by Zlatko Perhoč
2.1.3.1.1 Methods
2.1.3.1.2 Material types of Palagruža lithics
2.1.3.1.2.1 Indeterminate and thermally altered cherts
2.1.3.1.2.2 Patinated cherts
2.1.3.1.3 Artifacts made of western Adriatic raw materials
2.1.3.1.3.1 Maiolica cherts
2.1.3.1.3.2 Maiolica conglomerate cherts
2.1.3.1.3.3 Scaglia red cherts
2.1.3.1.3.4 Silicified calcarenites
2.1.3.1.4 Artifacts made of raw material from Palagruža
2.1.3.1.5 Artifacts made of radiolarite
2.1.3.1.6 Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgements

2.1.3.2 Major technological categories of artifacts
2.1.3.3 Cores and evidence of on-site core reduction
2.1.3.4 Blades
2.1.3.5 Bifacial points
2.1.3.5.1 Type 1: tanged point
2.1.4.5.2. Type 2: concave base point
2.1.3.5.3 Type 3: notched point with wide barbs
2.1.3.5.4 Type 4: notched point with long barbs
2.1.3.5.5 Type 5: tanged and barbed point
2.1.3.5.6 Indicators of point production and use
2.1.3.6 Transversal point
2.1.3.7 Microlithic crescents
2.1.3.8 Other tools made of chert
2.1.3.9 Obsidian artifacts
2.1.3.9.1 Origin of the raw material by Robert H. Tykot
2.1.3.9.1.1 Obsidian in Europe and the Mediterranean
2.1.3.9.1.2 Analytical methods
2.1.3.9.1.3. Results
2.1.3.9.2 Technology and typology of the artifacts
2.1.3.9.3 Temporal attribution of the finds
2.1.4 Ground stone artifacts
2.1.5 Artifacts made of mollusk shells
2.1.6 Diachronic change in intensity of activities
2.2 Other sites
2.2.1 Jankotova njiva
2.2.2 Pod lozje
2.2.3 Vartli
2.2.4 Stradun
2.2.5 Mala Palagruža
Table 1. Quantities of collected pottery by site
Table 2. Temporally sensitive diagnostic potsherds from Salamandrija by period
Table 3. Estimated minimal number of vessels and decorated vessels from the 3rd millennium BC
Table 4. Frequency of decorative techniques on potsherds from the 3rd millennium BC
Table 5. Third millennium BC pottery assemblage break-down by pottery style
Table 6. Quantities of flaked stone artifacts by site
Table 7. Assemblage break-down by main raw material categories
Table 8. Assemblage break-down by material type
Table 9. Assemblage break-down by raw material origin
Table 10. Chert assemblage break-down (number and frequency)
Table 11. Number and frequency of primary and secondary debitage
Table 12. Frequency of points by type
Table 13. Elemental data (in ppm) and source assignments for the artifacts tested
Table 14. Obsidian assemblage break-down (number and frequency)
3
3.1.1 Why set off for a small, remote island?
Palagruža and Adriatic prehistory
3.1 Small islands and great journeys
3.1.2 Adriatic islands
3.1.3 Remote islands
3.1.3.1 Jabuka
3.1.3.2 Pianosa
3.1.3.3 Palagruža
3.1.3.4 Tremiti
3.1.3.5 Sušac
3.1.3.6 Svetac
3.1.4 Patterns of diachronic change
3.1.4.1 Transition to farming
3.1.4.2 The rise of elites
3.1.5 Remote islands and long distance interaction
3.2 Palagruža and early farming
3.2.1 Palagruža before the transition to farming
3.2.1.1 An object made of gabbro from Vela Cave
3.2.1.2 Perforated Columbella rustica
3.2.2 The spread of farming
3.2.2.1 The role of Palagruža in the spread of farming
3.2.2.2 Seafarers and their craft
3.2.3 Circulation of chert artifacts
3.3 Pottery styles of the third millennium BC
3.3.1 Incised, impressed and incrusted decoration
3.3.2 Ljubljana-Adriatic style
3.3.2.1 Geographic distribution and site types
3.3.2.2 Spatial and temporal variability
3.3.3 Cetina style
3.3.3.1 Geographic distribution and site types
3.3.3.2 Spatial and temporal variability
3.3.4 Other kinds of decoration
3.3.4.1 Coarse incision
3.3.4.2 Furchenstich incision
3.3.4.3 Excision
3.3.4.4 Cord impression
3.3.5 Dating of Ljubljana-Adriatic and Cetina styles
3.3.5.1 Association with metal finds
3.3.5.2 Stratigraphic relationships
3.3.5.3 Radiocarbon dates
3.3.5.4 Concluding remarks on dating of the pottery styles
3.4 Palagruža in third millennium BC
3.4.1 Transformation of prehistoric Europe
3.4.2 Seafarers and their craft
3.4.3 Settlement?
3.4.4 Fort?
3.4.5 Chipping station?
3.4.6 Cemetery?
3.4.7 Ritual focus?
3.4.8 Palagruža after year 2000 BC
Table 15. Descriptive statistics for the remote Adriatic islands
Table 16. Radiocarbon dates for Ljubljana-Adriatic and Cetina style pottery
4
Appendix to Chapter 3.3: List of Sites
4.1 Southern Italy
4.2 Northern Italy
4.3 Trieste Karst
4.4 Slovenian Karst
4.5 Central Slovenia
4.6 Istria
4.7 Croatian Littoral and the Kvarner Islands
4.8 Upper reaches of Cetina River
4.9 Dalmatinska Zagora
4.10 Northern Dalmatia
4.11 Middle Dalmatia
4.12 Southern Dalmatia
4.13 Western Herzegovina
4.14 Eastern Herzegovina
4.15 Central Bosnia
4.16 Eastern Bosnia
4.17 Western Serbia
4.18 Montenegro
4.19 Albania
4.20 Western Greece
4.21 Center of the Adriatic
Bibliography
Table 17. Basic information about sites covered by this overview
