Spatial Modeling in Forest Resources Management: Rural Livelihood and Sustainable Development

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Part IForest Resources Measurement, Monitoring and Mapping
1 Forest Management with Advance Geoscience: Future Prospects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geosciences to Improve Forest Assessment
1.3 Cloud Computing and Forest Management
1.4 Integration of Participatory Approach and Geospatial Technology
1.5 Mobile Application in Forest Management
1.5.1 Hejje (Pug Mark)
1.5.2 Urban Forest Cloud Tree Inventory App
1.5.3 Tree Sense
1.5.4 Timber Tracker
1.5.5 Leafsnap
1.5.6 Tree Trails
1.5.7 Tree Book
1.5.8 Tree Tagger
1.6 Near Real Time Monitoring of the Forest-Sensitive Zones
1.7 Crowd Sourcing in Forest Management
1.8 Crisis Mapping of Forest Cover
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Estimation of Net Primary Productivity: An Introduction to Different Approaches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Data and Modelling
2.2.1 The Carbon Cycle Components
2.2.2 In Situ Measurements
2.2.3 Satellite Measurements
2.2.4 Modelling
2.3 Discussion and Conclusions
References
3 Assessing Forest Health using Geographical Information System Based Analytical Hierarchy Process: Evidences from Southern West Bengal, India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods and Database
3.2.1 Study Area
3.2.2 Database and Methods
3.2.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
3.2.4 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
3.2.5 Greenness Index (GI)
3.2.6 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI)
3.2.7 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)
3.2.8 Shadow Index (SI)
3.2.9 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
3.3 Result and Discussions
3.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
3.3.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
3.3.3 Greenness Index (GI)
3.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI)
3.3.5 Shadow Index (SI)
3.3.6 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI)
3.3.7 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
3.3.8 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)
3.4 Discussion
3.4.1 Vegetation Status Identification Through AHP
3.5 Conclusion and Policy Implication
References
4 Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods
4.2.1 Study Area
4.2.2 Biotic Determinants
4.2.3 Abiotic Determinants
4.2.4 Data Preparation
4.2.5 Statistical Analysis
4.3 Results
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Multivariate Analysis of Soil-Vegetation Interaction and Species Diversity in a Natural Environment of Rhus coriaria L. (Case Study: Bideskan Habitat, Southern Khorasan, Iran)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Study Area
5.2.2 Sumac Species
5.2.3 Research Methodology
5.2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
5.2.5 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Vegetation Community
5.3.2 Student’s t-test of Independent Samples
5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
5.3.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)
5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
6 Comparative Assessment of Forest Deterioration through Remotely Sensed Indices—A Case Study in Korba District (Chhattisgarh, India)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Method
6.2.1 Study Area
6.2.2 Data Used
6.2.3 Vegetation Indices
6.2.4 Change Detection Analysis
6.2.5 Accuracy Assessment
6.2.6 Forest Degradation Mapping and Evaluation
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Forest Cover
6.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
6.3.3 Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI)
6.3.4 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
6.3.5 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2 (MSAVI2)
6.3.6 Estimation and Spatial Variation of Forest Degradation
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Comparison of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Vegetation Monitoring
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Study Area
7.2.2 Data Acquisition
7.2.3 Comparison Method Based on Spatial Resolution
7.2.4 Statistical Analysis
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Comparison of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Spectral Bands
7.3.2 Cross-Comparison of Vegetation Indices in Different Land Cover Types
7.3.3 Evaluation of Integral Performance of Vegetation Indices (NDVI and EVI) for Different Land Use Land Cover Types
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Comparative Assessments of Forest Cover Change in Some Districts of West Bengal, India using Geospatial Techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.3.1 Data Used
8.3.2 Methodology
8.3.3 Accuracy Assessment
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.4.1 LULC Feature
8.4.2 Vegetation Dynamics
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Assessment of Forest Health using Remote Sensing—A Case Study of Simlipal National Park, Odisha (India)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Materials and Method
9.3.1 Data Sources and Pre-processing
9.3.2 Estimation of Forest Health
9.3.3 Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
9.3.4 Estimation of Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI)
9.3.5 Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio (MCARI)
9.3.6 Estimation of Moisture Stress Index (MSI)
9.3.7 Accuracy Assessment
9.3.8 Weighted Sum Analysis
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 NDVI Analysis
9.4.2 SARVI Analysis
9.4.3 MCARI Analysis
9.4.4 MSI Analysis
9.4.5 Accuracy Assessment
9.4.6 Weighted Sum Analysis
9.5 Conclusion
References
Part IIModeling, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability
10 Forest Health Monitoring using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Study Area
10.2.2 Data Source
10.2.3 Data Pre-processing
10.2.4 Methodology
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Result of FLAASH Atmospheric Correction
10.3.2 Vegetation Indices (Vis) Based Forest Health Mapping
10.3.3 Spectral Analysis Based Forest Health Mapping
10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment
10.3.5 Forest Health Validation
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Tree Density using Sentinel-1 Data
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods for Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB)
11.2.1 Field Measurement Methods
11.2.2 Remote Sensing Approaches
11.3 Study Area
11.4 Materials and Method
11.4.1 Data Sources
11.4.2 Field Data Collection and AGB Measurement
11.4.3 Methodology
11.5 Results and Discussion
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Forest Fire Risk Assessment for Effective Geoenvironmental Planning and Management using Geospatial Techniques
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Data Source
12.2.2 Study Area
12.2.3 Frequency Ratio Model (FR)
12.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
12.2.5 Meteorology
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
12.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
12.3.3 Criteria for Forest Fire Risk Zoning
12.3.4 Frequency Ratio Based FFR
12.3.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process Based FFR
12.3.6 Comparative Analysis Between FR and AHP Models for FFR
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Forest Disturbance Analysis of Selected Blocks of Midnapore Subdivision using Digital Remote Sensing Technique
13.1 Introduction
13.2 About the Study Area
13.3 Materials Used
13.4 Methodology
13.4.1 Atmospheric Correction
13.4.2 Forest Cover Mapping
13.4.3 Shadow Index (SI)
13.4.4 Bare Soil Index (BI)
13.4.5 Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MAVI)
13.4.6 Vegetation Density (VD)
13.4.7 Scaled Shadow Index (SSI)
13.4.8 Identification of Forest Cover Dynamics
13.4.9 Forest Fragmentation Analysis
13.5 Result and Discussion
13.5.1 Forest Cover Dynamicity
13.5.2 Status of Forest Regeneration and Degeneration
13.5.3 Forest Disturbance Potential Zonation
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Data Base and Methodology
14.3.1 Dactors derived form of Elevation layer
14.3.2 Preparation of Other Factors
14.3.3 Maxent Species Distribution Model
14.3.4 Methodology for Maxent Species Distribution Model
14.3.5 Overview of Factors that Affect Habitat of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus)
14.3.6 Methodology for AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process)
14.4 Results
14.4.1 Maxent Species Distribution Model Result
14.4.2 AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) Result
14.5 Discussion
14.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
15 Assessment of Forest Cover Dynamics using Forest Canopy Density Model in Sali River Basin: A Spill Channel of Damodar River
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.2.1 Study Area
15.2.2 Data Source
15.2.3 Methods
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
15.3.2 Bareness Index
15.3.3 Greenness Vegetation Index
15.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index
15.3.5 Shadow Index
15.3.6 Forest Canopy Density
15.3.7 Validation of Results
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Estimation of Aboveground Stand Carbon using Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Image: A Case Study from Turkey
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Study Area
16.2.2 Calculation of Aboveground Stand Carbon
16.2.3 Remote Sensing Data
16.2.4 Multivariate Linear Regression
16.2.5 Artificial Neural Network Models
16.2.6 Support Vector Machine Models
16.2.7 Comparison Criteria
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Spatio-temporal Variation of Evapotranspiration Derived from Multi-temporal Landsat Datasets using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area and Dataset
17.2.1 Study Area
17.2.2 Datasets
17.3 Methodology
17.3.1 Image Pre-processing
17.3.2 Estimation of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
17.3.3 Estimation of Evapotranspiration (ET)
17.3.4 Upscaling of Estimated ET0
17.4 Results and Discussion
17.4.1 Seasonal Variation of Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) Over Dwarakeswar River Basin
17.4.2 Variation of ET0 Over Different LULC
17.4.3 Validation of Estimated ET0
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 Monitoring and Prediction of Dynamics in Sundarban Forest using CA–Markov Chain Model
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Study Area
18.3 Materials and Methods
18.3.1 Data Collection
18.3.2 Image Classification and Accuracy Assessment
18.3.3 Vegetation Health Indices
18.3.4 Prediction of Mangrove Cover
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Changes in Land Cover Over Time
18.4.2 Changes of Forest Health Conditions
18.4.3 Mangrove Changed Prediction Results
18.5 Conclusion
References
Part IIIRural Livelihood and Sustainable Management
19 Improving Potential Biodiversity and Human Footprint in Nothofagus Forests of Southern Patagonia through the Spatial Prioritization of their Conservation Values
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Study Area
19.2.2 Understory Assemblage Among the Different Forest Types
19.2.3 Maps of Potential Biodiversity for Nothofagus Forests
19.2.4 Maps of Human Footprint for Provinces and the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
19.2.5 Landscape Analyses of Potential Biodiversity and Human Footprint
19.2.6 Natural Reserve Networking Effectiveness
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Understory Assemblage Among the Different Forest Types
19.3.2 Potential Biodiversity Across the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
19.3.3 Maps of Human Footprint for Provinces and the Different Nothofagus Forest Types
19.3.4 The Last of the Wild of the Nothofagus Forests and Their Potential Biodiversity
19.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
20 The Role of Local Communities in Sustainable Land and Forest Management
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Participation of Local Communities as a Key Pillar of Sustainable Forest Management and Its Typology
20.3 Challenges and Barriers of Community Participation in Sustainable Forest Management
20.4 Factors Influencing Local Community Involvement in Sustainable Forest Management
20.4.1 Partnership Belief
20.4.2 Existence of Participatory Institutions
20.4.3 Providing Sufficient Information and Establishing an Information Network
20.4.4 Access to Financial and Technical Resources
20.5 Participatory Approaches and Techniques in Forest and Natural Resource Management
20.5.1 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)
20.5.2 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
20.5.3 Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA)
20.5.4 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
20.6 Practical Experiences of Local Community Participation in Forest Sustainability Management
20.6.1 Honduras
20.6.2 Bangladesh
20.6.3 Zimbabwe
20.7 Social Principles for Agricultural Extension and Interventions Aiming at Sustainable Management of Forests and Lands
20.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
21 Non-Timber Forest Products Based Household Industries and Rural Economy—A Case Study of Jaypur Block in Bankura District, West Bengal (India)
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Method
21.2.1 The Study Area
21.2.2 Database and Methodology
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 Non-timer Forest Products (NTFPs)
21.3.2 Household Industry (HHI)
21.3.3 Socio-economic Characters of Family and HHI Workers
21.3.4 Marketing and Rural Economy
21.3.5 Income Generation and Its Share in Total Income of the Household
21.3.6 Women Economic Independency and Status in the Family
21.3.7 Suggestive Measure for Sustainability of the Industry and Livelihood Development
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Forest Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Forest Biodiversity
22.3 Ecosystem Processes, Functions, Services Are Distinct Concepts
22.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
22.5 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions
22.6 Forest Biodiversity, Multi-functionality and Trade-Offs Among Ecosystem Services
22.7 Forest Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functions and Services
22.8 Diversity Responses Under Environmental Fluctuations
22.9 Diversity Effects to Stabilize Ecosystem Functions
22.10 Ecosystem Services Perspective for Multifunctional Forestry
22.11 Management in a Changing Climate
22.12 Restoring Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
22.13 Theory for Restoration
22.14 Challenges
22.15 Limitations
22.16 Conclusion
References
23 Transformation of Forested Landscape in Bengal Duars: A Geospatial Approach
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Study Area: The Bengal Duars
23.3 Materials and Methods
23.3.1 Data Collection and Processing
23.3.2 Accuracy Assessment
23.4 Results and Discussion
23.4.1 Spectral Characteristics of Forest Cover
23.4.2 Change Matrix
23.4.3 Recent Conversion and Disturbance in Forested Landscape
23.5 Conclusion
References
24 Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions: Towards a Theoretical Framework
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Forests and Sustainable Development Goals
24.3 Forest-Based Climate Change Social Intervention as a Way to Prevent Deforestation Under Climate Change
24.4 Enabling Factors in Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
24.5 Constraining Factors in Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
24.6 The Uses of Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
24.7 Typology of Forest-Based Climate Change Social Interventions
24.7.1 Interventions Related to Resource Rights
24.7.2 Incentives and Rewards-Based Interventions
24.7.3 Technological Interventions
24.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
25 Conversion of Land Use Land Cover and Its Impact on Ecosystem Services in a Tropical Forest
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Study Area
25.3 Material and Methods
25.3.1 LULC Classification
25.3.2 LULC Change
25.3.3 Assignment of ESV
25.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis
25.4 Result and Discussion
25.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Change
25.4.2 Spatio-temporal Changing Pattern of Ecosystem Service Values
25.4.3 Ecosystem Sensitivity Analysis
25.4.4 Discussion
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 From Genesis to Awaited Success of Joint Forest Management in India
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Initiation and After
26.3 Issues Before JFM
26.4 Transforming Users to Managers
26.5 Ecological Impact
26.6 Productivity Enhancement
26.7 Towards Sustainability
26.8 Making JFM Meaningful
26.9 Conclusion
References
27 Google Earth Engine and Its Application in Forest Sciences
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Google Earth Engine
27.3 Results and Discussion
27.3.1 Imagery Classification in GEE
27.3.2 Forest Change Detection in GEE
27.4 Conclusion
References
28 Free-Open Access Geospatial Data and Tools for Forest Resources Management
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Remote Sensing Technology in Forestry Application
28.3 Open-Source Geospatial Tools and Technologies
28.4 Open Source Satellite Data Used in Forest Mapping
28.5 Spectral Vegetation Indices in Forestry Applications
28.6 Open Source Software for Forest Data Mapping and Analyzing
28.7 Open-Source Tools for Forestry Application
28.8 Open Geospatial Platform and Forest Resource Mapping and Monitoring
28.8.1 OpenLayers API’S
28.8.2 MapX
28.8.3 GFW Map Builder
28.8.4 ArcGIS Open Data
28.8.5 GEO and GEOSS
28.9 Conclusion
References