Spatial Cognition IV, Reasoning, Action, Interaction: International Spatial Cognition 2004, Frauenchiemsee, Germany, October 11-13, 2004, Revised

Front matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 13
Wayfinding in Three-Dimensional Structures......Page 14
Investigating Cognitive Processes with Verbal Reports......Page 15
Wayfinding Strategies for Complex Buildings......Page 16
Building Analysis......Page 17
Procedure......Page 18
Measures......Page 20
Results......Page 21
Tasks......Page 22
Strategies......Page 24
The Role of Experience......Page 26
Survey Knowledge......Page 28
Discussion......Page 29
Discussion of Quantitative Results......Page 30
Analysis of Usability Hotspots in the Conference Facility......Page 31
Acknowledgements......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 36
Public Transport: An Environment for Wayfinding......Page 37
Way.nding in Public Transport: A Scenario......Page 39
Networksand Scenes......Page 40
Definitions......Page 41
Properties with Respect to Lynch’s “Environmental Image”......Page 42
Level of Scale and Type of Space......Page 43
Properties ased on ctivities B A......Page 44
Interactions Between Network Space and Scene Space......Page 45
Modelling......Page 46
Modelling Scene Space......Page 47
Conclusions and Outlook......Page 49
References......Page 51
Introduction......Page 54
Background......Page 55
Experimental Setup......Page 56
Formal Description of the Environments......Page 57
Statistical Analysis......Page 59
Method......Page 60
Results......Page 62
Objective......Page 65
Results......Page 66
Discussion......Page 67
Conclusions......Page 68
Introduction......Page 70
Structure and Function in Wayfinding......Page 71
Conceptualizing Routes......Page 72
Levels of the Systematics......Page 74
Chunking Instructions......Page 76
Structure and Function in the Systematics......Page 77
Granularity in the Systematics......Page 78
Generating Context-Specific Route Directions: An Optimization Problem......Page 79
A Computational Approach to Context-Specific Route Directions......Page 81
An Example......Page 83
Availability of Data......Page 86
Conclusions and Outlook......Page 87
References......Page 88
Route Selection Heuristics......Page 91
Research Method......Page 92
Design......Page 93
Ranking the Choice Alternatives......Page 95
Visualization of Rankings......Page 97
Initial Segment Strategy Versus Least-Angle Strategy: A Classification of Decision Situations......Page 98
Underlying Mechanisms: Interpretation of the Observed Preference Behavior......Page 99
Variation in Preference Behavior Between Individuals......Page 102
Individual Choice Consistency......Page 103
Selection of Repeated Scenes......Page 104
Computation of Repetition Consistency......Page 105
Results......Page 106
Conclusions and Future Work......Page 107
References......Page 108
Introduction......Page 110
The Functional Geometric Framework......Page 112
Experimental Data......Page 113
The Computational Model......Page 114
Interplay Between Experimental and Computational Work......Page 118
Discussion: Extension and Links......Page 119
References......Page 120
Introduction......Page 123
Reference Frame Selection and Multiple Frame Activation (MFA): Empirical Evidence......Page 124
Method......Page 126
Discussion......Page 128
Method......Page 129
Discussion......Page 130
Results......Page 131
General Discussion......Page 132
Implications for Existing Models......Page 133
References......Page 134
Introduction......Page 136
Contrastive Spatial Reference......Page 137
Method......Page 142
Results......Page 145
Discussion......Page 153
Acknowledgements......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 159
Cultural Differences in Spatial Description by Language......Page 160
Analytical Framework......Page 161
Hypothesis......Page 162
Method for Analyzing Pictorial Information......Page 163
Method for Analyzing Linguistic Information......Page 164
Analysis of Pictorial Information......Page 166
Analysis of Linguistic Information......Page 169
Frame of Reference......Page 170
Referent......Page 171
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 174
Appendix: List of the Guidebooks......Page 176
Reasoning About Consistency with Mental Models......Page 177
Preferences for Certain Sorts of Spatial Models......Page 178
Reasoning Problems with Contradicted Preferred Models......Page 179
Reasoning Problems with Obvious Indeterminacy......Page 180
Experiment 1 - Evaluating the Consistency of Serially Presented Sets of Assertions......Page 182
Experiment 2 - Parallel Presentation and Sequential Drawing......Page 184
Model Preferences and Strategies in Spatial Relational Reasoning......Page 186
Causes Underlying the Order of Mention Preference......Page 187
Representing Indeterminacy......Page 188
Conclusions......Page 190
Introduction......Page 193
Mental Spatial Reasoning......Page 194
Externalization and the Spatial Properties of Diagrams......Page 195
Control of Visual Attention and Selectivity......Page 196
Control of Focus in Mental Imagery and Visual Perception......Page 197
Space as Structure in the Control of Focus......Page 198
Control of Focus in Mental Image Processing......Page 199
Control of Eye Movements in Visual Scene Analysis......Page 200
Control of Attention in Diagram Understanding......Page 201
Spatial Representations Lead to Spatial Mechanisms......Page 202
Origins of Spatial Properties in Mental Representations of Space......Page 203
Spatial Principles Resulting from Effects of Spatial Structures......Page 204
Overview of the Conceptual Model......Page 207
Control of Focus in Casimir......Page 209
Conclusion......Page 211
References......Page 212
Introduction......Page 216
Experiment 1......Page 218
Method......Page 219
Results......Page 220
Experiment 2......Page 221
Results......Page 222
Conclusions......Page 223
References......Page 224
Introduction......Page 226
Assembly and Writing Task......Page 228
Participants......Page 229
Analysis of Instructions......Page 230
Experiment 1: Conclusions......Page 231
Assembly Performance......Page 233
Analysis of Instructions......Page 234
Discussion......Page 235
References......Page 237
Introduction......Page 239
Sketch Maps in Spatial Cognition Research......Page 240
Analysis of Sketch Maps Using GIS......Page 241
Combination of Linear Space and Planar Space: Buffer Method......Page 242
A Sample Analysis of Sketch Maps Using GIS......Page 243
Buffer Method......Page 246
Relationship Between Buffer Distance and Buffered Area (Survey Map)......Page 250
Expected Values for Area, Number of Circuits, and Entire Road Length......Page 252
Relationship Between Expected and Actual Values......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 254
References......Page 255
Introduction......Page 257
Stimuli and Apparatus......Page 260
Results......Page 263
Initial Viewpoint......Page 264
Discussion......Page 265
References......Page 268
Introduction......Page 271
Representing Problem Solving and Search Spatially......Page 272
Cognitive Issues in State Representation......Page 273
Search, Spatial Information, and Learning......Page 274
Pong Hau k’i......Page 276
Subject 1 — An Automated Approach......Page 277
Subject 2 — A (Relatively) Quick Response......Page 278
Subject 3 — An Obsession......Page 279
The Right Answers......Page 284
Invention of State Representations......Page 285
Reliance on a State Space Representation......Page 286
Beyond the Assignment......Page 288
Discovery and Planning......Page 289
Testing the Representation......Page 290
Conclusions......Page 292
References......Page 293
Introduction......Page 295
The Calculus LR......Page 296
Relations......Page 297
Operations......Page 298
Closure Properties......Page 300
Refinement......Page 302
Standardized Triples......Page 303
The Finest RST Calculus F......Page 305
Mathematical Approach to Derive Transformations and Compositions......Page 306
The Special Role of LR......Page 308
Some Definitions and Lemmata......Page 309
The Central Theorem......Page 311
Conclusion......Page 314
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 316
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning......Page 317
Neighborhood-Based Reasoning......Page 318
Dipole Relation Algebra......Page 319
Extended Dipole Relation Algebra......Page 321
The Situation Calculus......Page 323
Examples......Page 324
General Assumptions and Definitions......Page 325
Complex Objects (Going round the Kaaba)......Page 326
Macro Definitions......Page 328
Conclusion and Outlook......Page 331
Introduction......Page 335
Branching Time Theory......Page 337
Intervals and Branching Time......Page 339
The Neighborhood Graph......Page 346
Computational Complexity......Page 347
The Composition Table......Page 351
Summary and Outlook......Page 352
An Introduction......Page 356
The State of the Art......Page 357
Fiat Regions......Page 358
Spatial Relations......Page 361
The Stability......Page 363
An Example......Page 364
The Fiat Container......Page 365
To Continue the Example......Page 366
The Spatial Oriented Recognition Process......Page 367
The Qualitative Creation or Destruction......Page 368
Qualitative Spatial Changes......Page 369
The Process of Recognizing Spatial Environments......Page 370
Conclusions......Page 372
References......Page 373
A.1 Primitives and Postulates......Page 375
A.3 The Extension Regions......Page 376
Introduction......Page 378
The Spatial Semantic Hierarchy......Page 379
The Route Graph......Page 382
Formal Ontology: Background......Page 385
Spatial Ontology Within DOLCE......Page 387
Extensions to the DOLCE View of Spatial Ontology......Page 389
Ontology and the SSH......Page 392
Ontology and the Route Graph......Page 393
An Illustration of the Benefits of an Ontological Foundation......Page 397
Conclusion......Page 399
Introduction......Page 402
Sample Scenarios......Page 403
Homogeneous Route Graphs, Transfers......Page 405
Modelling Via Ontologies......Page 407
Various Ontology Specification Languages......Page 409
Paths and Routes......Page 410
Instantiation to Particular Route Graphs......Page 411
Edges and Route Segments......Page 412
Nodes and Places......Page 414
Reference Systems......Page 415
Multi-robot Exploration......Page 416
Structuring Ontologies......Page 417
Formalisation in Casl......Page 418
Generic Graph Ontology in CASL......Page 419
Implementation of Inheritance in Haskell......Page 420
Conclusion......Page 422
References......Page 423
Introduction......Page 425
GVG-Based Route Graphs for Robot Mapping and Navigation......Page 428
Hierarchization of the GVG-Based Route Graph......Page 430
Hierarchical Path Planning......Page 431
Hierarchical Reasoning......Page 432
Computing the Relevance of Voronoi Vertices......Page 433
The Relevance Measures......Page 434
Computation from Complete Information......Page 435
Computation from Incomplete Information......Page 437
The Simplification Algorithm......Page 438
Experimental Results......Page 439
Conclusions......Page 443
Introduction......Page 446
The Basic Mapping Approach......Page 448
Landmarks in Cognitive Mapping......Page 449
Feature Selection......Page 450
Signature Learning and ASR Classification......Page 451
Topological Matching......Page 454
Using 3D Visual Landmark Configurations to Recognise ASRs in a Topological Map......Page 455
Projection from 2D Camera Views to 3D Coordinate Space......Page 456
Landmark Construction......Page 457
Matching Landmark Configurations......Page 458
Related Work......Page 460
2D Landmark Matching......Page 462
3D Visual Landmark Matching......Page 463
References......Page 464
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping......Page 467
Spatial Cognition......Page 468
State of the Art......Page 469
Basic Idea of the Algorithm......Page 470
Treemap Data Structure......Page 472
Data Structure......Page 473
Integration of a Measurement......Page 474
Elimination of Landmarks by Schur Complement......Page 475
Assumptions on Topologically Suitable Buildings......Page 476
Computational Efficiency......Page 477
Robot--Robot Measurements (Odometry)......Page 479
Stepwise Optimal Elimination of Off-Diagonal Entries......Page 481
Assessment of Map Quality......Page 482
Small Map Experiment......Page 483
Large Scale Map Experiment......Page 484
Real World Experiments......Page 485
Conclusion......Page 488
Introduction......Page 490
Related Work......Page 491
Shared Control Problems in Spatially Aware Assistants......Page 492
Mode Confusion......Page 493
Spatial Representation Disparity......Page 494
Spatial Concept Disparity......Page 495
The SharC Cognitive Control Architecture......Page 497
Natural Language Synthesis and Recognition......Page 498
Natural Language Analysis......Page 499
Natural Language Generation......Page 500
Dialogue Management......Page 502
Domain Components......Page 503
Interpreting Navigational Instructions......Page 504
Summary and Future Work......Page 507
Introduction......Page 512
Detection, Tracking and Characterization of Moving Objects......Page 513
Avoidance Strategy Optimization......Page 516
Results......Page 520
Conclusions......Page 526
Back matter......Page 530