On his death, Arthur Boucot (1924-2017) left an unfinished manuscript in which he surveyed the skeletal, behavioural, and cultural changes that have characterized Homo from its first recognition in the Late Pliocene to the present. The subjects he treated were as varied as the preparation of food for infants, the length of intestines, hafting, plastering, use of flint and metals, the domestication of grains and animals, and the prevalence of parasitic diseases. His text repeatedly notes the difficulties imposed by the enormous gaps in both fossil and archaeological records. Boucot deduced a continuity in basic human behaviours from the Oldowan and Acheulian into modern forms, and made a point of including Neandertals and Denisovans. But he also pointed out that morphological changes in successive species of Homo do not coincide in time with major changes in lithic technologies. Boucot concluded that a quantum evolutionary gap separates hominins from the great apes: that members of our line were sapient and had been using language long before they became sapiens. In his text he also indicates his concern for changes to the environment wrought by human activities. The results of this late-life effort, edited after his death, provide a heavily referenced sourcebook for future workers in diverse fields.
Author(s): Arthur J. Boucot, John M. Saul, John B. Southard
Publisher: Archaeopress Archaeology
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 251
City: Oxford
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Thesis
First Appearance of ‘New’ Behaviors or New Technologies?
Taxonomy
Quantum Evolution
Hominin Evolution
Data
Summary
Skeletal Features
Hand
Handedness
Shoulder
Brain Size and Morphology
Infant Nutrition
Legs and Bipedal Walking
Feet (Prehensile Toes)
Rib Cage
Legs and Arms
Pelvis and Spine
Neck and Position of the Foramen Magnum
Tooth Morphology
Prognathism
Sexual Dimorphism
Size and Robusticity
Baculum
Hearing
Mortality
Soft-Tissue Evidence with Some Skeletal Basis
Summary
Digestive-Tract Morphology and Physiology
Soft-Tissue Evidence Supported by Molecular Information
Penile spines
Smell
Sexual Receptivity
Soft Tissue Variables with No Skeletal Evidence
Summary
Vision
‘Hairlessness’ and Skin
Sweat Glands
Estrus
Obstetric Implications (see also Pelvis and Spine, above)
Life Span
Menopause
Behavioral Features
Birth Interval
Pair Bonding
Division of Labor
Other Behavioral Features
Physiological Features
Diet
Summary
Australopithecines and Prehominins
Oldowan
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Food Processing
Querns, Grinders, and Grindstones
Cut Marks Made by Humans on Bone
Sources of Food
Evidence for Cultivation
Grain and Legumes
Bread and Noodles
Cooking
Gathering and Processing Fruits, Seeds, and other Edible Plant Parts
Acheulian
Middle Pleistocene
Late Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Natufian
Neolithic and Bronze Age
Hunting and Fishing
Animal
Mammal
Oldowan
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic and Late Paleolithic
Invertebrates, Chiefly Shellfish
Middle Stone Age
Upper Paleolithic
Neolithic
Fish
Lower Paleolithic
Middle Stone Age
Late Stone Age
Natufian
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Birds
Honey and Beeswax
Alcoholic Beverages, Including Wine and Beer Plus Various Additives
Summary
Wine
Mead
Beer, Ale, and Allied Beverages
Distilled Beverages
Farming
Summary
Domestic Animals and ‘Pets’
Horses, Donkeys, Asses
Camels
Goats, Sheep
Dogs and Cats
Pigs
Cattle
Milk and Dairy Products
Cheese
Storage Facilities
Plow
Water Resources
Summary
Wells
Siphons
Cisterns
Springs
Pipes
Water Wheels
Aqueducts
Dams
Irrigation Systems
Egyptian
Near Eastern
Chinese
Southeast Asian
Human-Waste Disposal, Rubbish Disposal, Baths, and Drainage
Mohenjo-Daro
Minoan
Greek and Roman
Greek
Roman
Behavioral–Technological Innovations
Tools and Materials
Summary
Stone and Bone Tools
Generalities
Oldowan
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Chalcolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Tool Use
Stone (see also Mining and Quarrying, below)
Mining and Quarrying
Acheulian
Mesolithic and Late Paleolithic
Bronze Age
Variscite and Cinnabar Mines
Amazonite, Amethyst, and Emerald Quarries and Turquoise Mines in Egypt
Mining of Flint and Obsidian
Neolithic and Middle Paleolithic Flint and Other Tool-Materials
Bronze Age Obsidian Quarry
Metal, and Metal Mining and Smelting
Firesetting
Mining and Quarrying Tools
Neolithic and Younger Mines
Ancient Copper Mines
Europe
Southeast Europe
Serbia
Bulgaria
Eastern and Central Mediterranean
Greece and the Aegean Islands
Cyprus
Sardinia and Corsica
Italy
Iberia and the Western Mediterranean
Southwest Spain
Portugal
Southeast and Central-East Spain
Northern Spain
France and the Western Alps
Other Mines in Southern France
The French Alps
Northern Europe
Ireland
Britain
Central and Eastern Europe
The Austrian Mines
Slovakia
Southern Urals
Near East
Asia
Ancient Tin Deposits
Old World
South America
Ancient Lead, Silver, Gold, and Zinc Deposits
Gold Mining
Salt Mining and Production
Ocher; Hematite Mining
Brick
Wood and Reed (see also Hafting, Below)
Lacquerware
Bone
Ivory
Antler
Leather and Rawhide
Pottery and Ceramics (See Also Kilns, Pottery Wheels, Below)
Ceramics
Pottery
Kilns
Pottery Wheels
Plaster and Bitumen
Metal
Gold
Copper and Bronze
Iron
Glass
Abrasives
Containers
Utensils
Rope, String, Cords
Hafting
Middle Stone Age
Late Stone Age
Neolithic
Post-Neolithic
Warfare and Interpersonal Violence (See Also Hafting, Above)
Summary
Intraspecific Violence
Evidence of Warfare
Neolithic and Younger
Fortification
Projectiles
Armor, Including Shields and Weapons
Hafting (see above)
Textiles, Clothing, Basketry, Matting, Wooden Containers
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Dyeing Materials
Bedding
Stone Age
Upper Paleolithic
Neolithic
Property (see also Trading and Transport of Materials)
Trading and Transport of Materials
Oldowan
Early Stone Age
Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age and Younger
Transportation
Summary
Movement by Water and ‘Boats’
Inferential Data
Indonesia and Nearby Islands
Australia and New Guinea (Sahul)
Islands East and North of Australia–New Guinea
Bay of Bengal
Mediterranean Region
Actual Data
Movement on Land
Horse
Carts, Wagons, Wheels, Axles
Roads
Heavy Transport
Fire (refer to Diet also, above)
Summary
Evidence
Lower Paleolithic
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Neolithic and Later
Architecture
Shelter and Buildings
Acheulian
Earlier Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian and Neolithic
Door Locks
Measurements and Numbers
Scales, Balances, Weights
Religion
Shrines
Divinities
Burials, Afterlife, Memorials, and Monuments
Summary
Lower Paleolithic
Middle Stone Age
Late Paleolithic
Natufian and Neolithic
Neolithic
Iron Age
Egyptian
Ur
Bronze Age, Minoan, Greek, and Roman
Cemeteries
Cremations
Gregariousness
Slavery and Prostitution
Mass Deportations
Human Disease
The Record
Sources of Evidence Other Than Skeletal
Mummies
Feces
Cancer
Rheumatic and Arthritic Diseases, Joint Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Chagas Disease
Smallpox
Tuberculosis
Peptic Ulcers and Helicobacter pylori
Typhoid Fever
Typhus
Malaria
Toxoplasmosis
Leprosy
Leishmaniasis
Syphilis
Lyme Disease
Plague and Trench Fever
Rabies
Sinusitis
Gout
Sleeping Sickness
Ergotism
Rates of Evolution
Diarrhea
Amoebic Dysentery and Amoebic Liver Abscess
Protozoans
Lice and Fleas
Lice
Fleas
Bedbugs
Parasitic Diseases
Helminths
Giant Kidney Worm
Schistosomiasis
Roundworms
Taenia Tapeworms
Fish Tapeworm
Whipworms
Hookworms
Lancet Fluke and Sheep Liver Fluke
Guinea Worm
Pinworm
Echinostomiasis
Anthracosis
Lead Poisoning
Osteomyelitis
Rickets and Scurvy
Caries in Humans
Fractures
Joint Disease
Developmental Disorders
Infanticide and Uxoricide
Trepanation and Skull Deformation
Cannabis and Opium
Medicine and Medicinal Plants
Care of the Handicapped
Summary
Early Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Late Paleolithic
Neolithic to Present
Communication
Language
Writing
Paper
Art
Summary
Graphic Arts
Lower Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Plastic Arts
Acheulian
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Ornaments
Summary
Tattoos
Decorative arts
Jewelry
Beads
Acheulian
Middle Stone Age
Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Pendants
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Bracelets and Headdresses
Earrings
Pearls and Mother of Pearl
Quartz Crystals
Various Minerals
Amber and Lignite plus Jet
Mirrors
Feathers
Fossils
Ocher and Malachite (see also Beads, Pendants, Ocher Mining, and Burials)
Abbevillian/Acheulian
Middle Stone Age
Upper Paleolithic
Natufian
Neolithic
Music
Cannibalism
Executions, Human Sacrifice, Banishment, Crime, Suicide
Clothing (see also above: Textiles, Clothing, and Basketry; Beads and Pendants)
Needles
Lighting
Calendar
Games
Migrations
Miscellaneous
Conclusions
Bibliography
Back cover
