Some Small Countries Do It Better: Rapid Growth and Its Causes in Singapore, Finland, and Ireland

Contents......Page 5
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 10
Abbreviations......Page 11
Chapter 1. Looking for Growth......Page 12
1.5 Contribution of Capital, Labor, and TFP to World Growth......Page 18
Hunting for Quarks......Page 25
Looking at the “Sifire” Family of Models......Page 32
1.10 World Economic Forum and IMD Competitiveness Rankings of the Sifire Group, 2003......Page 35
Chapter 2. How Sifire Compressed Development......Page 41
Globalization: The Vital Backdrop......Page 42
Old Light......Page 47
Crises and Consequences......Page 49
Investing in Growth......Page 51
Learning and Innovation......Page 53
Creative Cities......Page 57
What Sifire Got Right......Page 58
References......Page 59
Changes in Economic Structure......Page 64
3.3 Singapore’s Industrial Composition, 1970–2007......Page 68
3.6 Singapore’s Composition of Exports by Technology Class, 1970 and 2000......Page 73
3.21 Impact of Irish Scientific Papers, 2004–08......Page 87
3.35 Top 10 Assignees by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Ireland between 2005 and 2009......Page 96
3.43 International Internet Bandwidth, 1999–2007......Page 105
References......Page 106
Chapter 4. Governance and Growth......Page 109
Coordinators......Page 112
4.3 The EDB Network......Page 117
Power of Urban Networks......Page 119
References......Page 123
Chapter 5. Delivering Quality Education......Page 125
The Power of Quality Education......Page 127
Vocational Training......Page 131
Sustaining Consistent Performance......Page 133
Starting Almost from Scratch: What It Takes......Page 134
References......Page 136
Chapter 6. The Message from Sifire......Page 139
Leveraging Global Markets and General-Purpose Technologies......Page 141
Updating the Sifire Experience......Page 143
Quality of Human Capital......Page 146
Implications for African Countries......Page 148
References......Page 153
A.2 Kenya’s Top Five Exports......Page 156
B.1 Finland’s Top 10 Exports in 1980, by Value......Page 162
Index......Page 166
1.1 Sources of Economic Growth by Region, 1989–95 and 1995–2003......Page 19
1.2 Percentage Point Contribution of Real Net Exports to GDP Growth in Asia, 1995–2000 and 2000–06......Page 23
3.1 Finland’s Industrial Composition, 1970–2007......Page 65
3.2 Ireland’s Industrial Composition, 1970–2007......Page 67
3.5 Ireland’s Composition of Exports by Technology Class, 1970 and 2000......Page 72
3.8 Share of Public Expenditure for Education, 1970–2007......Page 75
3.8 Public Expenditure per Student......Page 76
3.17 Composition of Tertiary Education Graduates, 2000......Page 84
3.10 Openness to Trade, 2001–08......Page 98
3.11 Imports of Goods and Services, 2001–08......Page 99
3.12 Net Foreign Direct Investment Flows, 1980–2008......Page 100
3.14 Royalty Payments as Share of GDP, 1975–2007......Page 102
4.1 Finnish Innovation System: Organizations and Coordination......Page 114
4.2 Irish Science and Technology Structure......Page 116
1.3 Average Share of Global GDP, 1995–2001 and 2002–08......Page 16
1.4 African Growth by Sector, 2002–07......Page 17
1.6 Population of the Sifire Group, 1985 and 2008......Page 33
1.9 IMD World Competitiveness Rankings of the Sifire Group, 1989 and 1992......Page 34
3.2 Finland’s Top 10 Exports in 2000, by Value......Page 69
3.4 Ireland’s Top 10 Exports in 2000, by Value......Page 70
3.6 Singapore’s Top 10 Exports in 2000, by Value......Page 71
3.7 Public Expenditure on Education, 1970–2006......Page 74
3.9 Primary Enrollment, 1970–2007......Page 77
3.11 Vocational and Technical Enrollment, 2003–2007......Page 78
3.12 Singapore’s TIMSS Ranks and Scores, 1995–2007......Page 80
3.13 PISA Ranks and Scores, 2000–09......Page 81
3.15 Labor Force with Tertiary Education, 1995–2006......Page 82
3.16 Tertiary-Level Enrollment Composition, 2007......Page 83
3.18 Composition of Tertiary Education Graduates, 2007......Page 85
3.20 Impact of Finnish Papers, 2004–08......Page 86
3.23 R&D Expenditure, 1996–2007......Page 88
3.24 Researchers in R&D, 1984–2006......Page 89
3.26 Top 10 Technology Classes by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Finland in the 1980s......Page 90
3.27 Top 10 Technology Classes by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Finland between 2005 and 2009......Page 91
3.29 Top 10 Technology Classes by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Ireland between 2005 and 2009......Page 92
3.31 Top 10 Technology Classes by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Singapore between 2005 and 2009......Page 93
3.32 Top 10 Assignees by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Finland in the 1980s......Page 94
3.33 Top 10 Assignees by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Finland between 2005 and 2009......Page 95
3.37 Top 10 Assignees by the Number of Patents Granted to Residents of Singapore between 2005 and 2009......Page 97
3.39 Exports of ICT Services, 1998–2007......Page 103
3.41 Internet Users, 1995–2008......Page 104
A.4 Rwanda’s Top Five Exports......Page 157
A.6 Costa Rica’s Top Five Exports......Page 158
A.8 Mauritius’s Top Five Exports......Page 159
A.10 Tunisia’s Top Five Exports......Page 160
A.11 Sri Lanka’s Top Five Exports......Page 161
B.3 Ireland’s Top 10 Exports in 1980, by Value......Page 163
B.5 Singapore’s Top 10 Exports in 1980, by Value......Page 164
B.6 Singapore’s Top 10 Exports in 1990, by Value......Page 165