Solid–Liquid Separation Technologies: Applications for Produced Water

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Produced Water Treatment Technologies: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Characteristics of Produced Water
1.3 Treatment Methods for Produced Water
1.3.1 Hydrocyclones
1.3.2 API Separator and Corrugated Plate Separator/Interceptor
1.3.3 Media Filtration
1.3.4 Activated Carbon Adsorption
1.3.5 Gas Flotation
1.3.6 Membrane Filtration
1.3.7 Membrane Distillation
1.3.8 Thermal Separators
1.3.9 Chemical Precipitation
1.3.10 Ion Exchange
1.3.11 Advanced Oxidation Processes
1.3.12 Electrodialysis
1.3.13 Other Electrochemical Processes
1.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Produced Water Overview: Characteristics, Treatment,
and Beneficial Uses
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical, Physical, and Biological Characteristics and
Properties of Produced Water
2.3 Types of Treatment Technologies
2.3.1 Pretreatment Technologies
2.3.2 Desalination Technologies
2.4 Beneficial Use of Treated Produced Water
2.5 Policy and Regulation Framework for Beneficial Use of
Treated Produced Water
2.6 Produced Water Stakeholders
2.7 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Standard Water Treatment Techniques and Their Applicability
to Oil and Gas Produced Brines of Varied Compositions
3.1 Introduction: Managing Produced Brine in the United States
3.2 Brine Compositions
3.3 Standard Wastewater Treatment Techniques
3.3.1 Brine Pretreatment
3.3.1.1 Removal of Large Particles via Coagulation and Flocculation
3.3.1.2 Flotation
3.3.1.3 Disinfection
3.3.1.4 Media, Micro, and Ultrafiltration
3.3.1.5 Adsorption
3.3.1.6 Removal of Scale-Forming Ions
3.3.1.7 Other Pretreatment Steps (Silica and Boron)
3.3.2 Water Recovery via Brine Concentration
3.3.2.1 Brine Thermodynamics
3.3.2.2 Non-membrane, Thermally Driven Evaporative Processes
3.3.2.3 Non-membrane, Electrically Driven Evaporative Processes
3.3.2.4 Membrane, Electrically Driven, Non-Evaporative Processes
3.3.2.5 Crystallizers
3.4 Example End-Use Application s
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Transport of Major Elements in Produced Water
through Reactive Porous Media
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Produced Water
4.2.2 Granular Materials
4.3 Set-up and Experimental Procedure
4.4 Modeling
4.4.1 Geochemical Model
4.4.2 Transport Model
4.5 Results from Transport Tests
4.5.1 Tests Using Natural Produced Water
4.5.2 Tests Using Synthetic Produced Water
4.6 Modeling and Simulations of Transport through MCS
4.7 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Prediction of Barium Sulfate Deposition in Petroleum
and Hydrothermal Systems
5.1 Mineral Deposition in Petroleum and Hydrothermal Systems
5.2 Solubility Product Constants and Scaling Tendencies
5.3 Speciation Models and Predominance Diagrams
5.4 Barium Sulfate Solubility Measurements at Elevated Temperatures
and Pressures
5.5 Thermodynamic Model for Aqueous Species at High Temperatures
and Pressures
5.6 Barite Solubility Models for High Temperatures and Pressures
5.7 Section Summary
5.8 Nomenclature
References
Chapter 6 Membrane Technologies and Applications for
Produced Water Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation
6.2.1 MF and UF Membranes
6.2.2 NF and RO Membranes
6.3 Osmotically Driven Membrane Separation
6.3.1 Fundamentals
6.3.2 Draw Solutes Development for FO Process
6.3.3 FO Applications to Produced Water Treatment
6.4 Thermally Driven Membranes
6.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 7 Assessment of Oil Fouling by Oil–Membrane
Interaction Energy Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 DLVO and XDLVO Interaction Energy
7.2.1 LW Interaction
7.2.2 EL Interaction
7.2.3 AB Interaction
7.2.4 Surface Tension Component, Contact Angle, and Zeta Potential
7.3 Usage in Nonoil Membrane Fouling
7.4 Usage in Oil Membrane Fouling
7.4.1 Fouling Studies
7.4.2 Antifouling Validation of Modified Membrane
7.4.3 Consideration for Future Research
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Enrichment of Rare Earth Element (REE) Minerals from
Different Sources in the Coal Value Chain by Froth Flotation
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Factors Influencing Flotation
8.1.2 Floatability
8.1.3 Mechanics of Droplet Capture
8.1.4 Hydrodynamics in Flotation
8.1.5 Flotation Equipment
8.1.6 Flotation in Rare Earth Elements Production
8.2 Experimental
8.2.1 Materials, Sample Preparation, and Flotation Chemicals
8.2.2 Flotation Experiments
8.2.3 Analytical Methods
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Enrichment of REEs
8.3.2 Selectivity of REEs Groups
8.3.3 Distribution of REEs in Organic/Inorganic Phases
8.3.4 Effect of pH in Flotation
8.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 9 Recent Advances for Solid–Liquid Separation by
Crystallization
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Crystallization Concepts
9.2.1 Solid–Liquid Equilibrium and Solubility
9.2.2 Supersaturation and Supercooling
9.3 Crystallizers
9.4 Basic Crystallization Process Design
9.5 Conventional Crystallization Methods
9.5.1 Evaporation Pond
9.5.2 Freeze-Thaw Evaporation
9.5.3 Mechanical Evaporation
9.5.4 Chemical Precipitation
9.6 Unconventional Crystallization Technologies
9.6.1 Recovery of Salts from Produced Water by Precipitation
9.6.2 Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
9.6.3 Membrane Crystallization
9.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 10 Magnetic Separation of Micro- and Nanoparticles for
Water Treatment Processes
10.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications in Water Treatment
10.2 Principles of Magnetic Separations
10.3 Batch Magnetic Separators
10.4 Continuous-Flow Separators
10.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Influence of Colloids on Mineralization in Unconventional
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Wellbores: A Case Study with
the Marcellus Shale
11.1 Use of Produced Water for Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
11.2 Flow Restriction in Unconventional Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs
11.2.1 Aboveground Piping, Pumps, and Filtration Systems Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
11.2.2 Wellbore Zones Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
11.2.3 Reservoir Zones Impacted by Mineral Scale Precipitation
11.3 Case Study: Effect of Sulfate and Scale Inhibitor on Mineral Scale
Development – Marcellus Shale, Northwestern West Virginia, USA
11.3.1 Experimental Evaluation for Scenario 1: Blending Monongahela River Water with Marcellus Produced Water
11.3.1.1 Field Sampling and Experimental Methods
11.3.1.2 Water Analysis and Experimental Results
11.3.2 Application of Chemical Process and Reaction Path Modeling to Characterize the Potential for Mineral Scale Development in Unconventional Oil and Gas Systems
11.3.2.1 Predictive Modeling Approach
11.3.2.2 Predictive Modeling Resulths
11.3.2.3 Discussion – Mineral Precipitation Predicted in the
Modeled Systems
11.4 Conclusions – What to Consider When Designing HFF Base Water
Pretreatment
Acknowledgments and Disclaimer
References
Chapter 12 Crystallizers for Brine Waste Treatment: Technologies
and Design Heuristics
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Brines and Crystallization
12.1.2 Current Brine Disposal and Challenges
12.2 Using Crystallizers for Brine Treatment
12.2.1 Pellet Softeners
12.2.2 Evaporative Crystallizers
12.2.3 Membrane Crystallization
12.2.3.1 Membrane Distillation Crystallization
12.2.3.2 Pressure-Driven Membrane Crystallization
12.3 Overcoming Challenges to Pressure-Driven Membrane Crystallizers
12.3.1 Vibratory Shear-Enhanced Filtration Process
12.3.2 Scaling-Resistant Membranes for Brine Disposal
12.3.2.1 Membrane Patterning
12.3.2.2 Membrane Surface Chemistry Modification
12.4 Brine Crystallizer Design Heuristics
12.4.1 Effect of Mixing and Residence Time
12.4.2 Interactions between Surfaces and Crystallization
12.5 Conclusions
References
Index