This book presents the achievements made in solar energy and prospects in achieving solar potential in India. It covers the historical perspectives, innovations and myriad applications of solar energy in its different forms. The book discusses solar devices and covers both solar photovoltaics and solar thermal energy and includes both heat and electricity applications. Solar policies in India, solar research, technologies, large scale adoption as well as future trends are also discussed. This book will be useful for researchers and professionals with interests in technological, economical and policy developments in solar energy driven power industry.
Author(s): Malti Goel, V. S. Verma, Neha Goel Tripathi
Series: Green Energy and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 196
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Solar Energy—Then and Now
1.1 Solar Breakthrough
1.2 Solar Energy in Ancient Times
1.3 Solar Energy in Modern Times
1.4 Solar Energy and Sustainable Energy Future
1.4.1 Paris Agreement on Climate Change
1.4.2 Clean Energy Transition
1.4.3 Sustainable Development Goals
1.5 The Scope of the Book
1.6 Outlook
References
Part I Solar Radiation and Its Conversion
2 Sun: Unlimited Energy Resource on Earth
2.1 The Sun
2.1.1 Internal Structure of the Sun
2.1.2 Sun’s Atmosphere
2.2 Energy Received from Sun to Earth
2.2.1 About Earth and Its Atmosphere
2.2.2 Energy Received on the Earth
2.3 Composition of Solar Radiation
2.4 About Natural and Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
2.4.1 About Global Climate Change
References
3 Solar Resource: Assessment and Utilization
3.1 Solar Radiation
3.2 Solar Resource Assessment
3.2.1 Solar Irradiance
3.2.2 Solar Constant
3.2.3 Insolation
3.2.4 Solar Declination
3.2.5 Air Mass Number
3.2.6 Global, Direct, and Diffuse Solar Radiation
3.2.7 Tilt Angle
3.3 Solar Resource Utilization
3.3.1 Solar Power Variability Forecasting
3.3.2 Importance of Weather Forecasting in Solar Resource Utilization
3.4 Solar Project Pre-feasibility Assessment
3.4.1 Solar Power Forecasting Models Approach
References
4 Solar Power Plants
4.1 Solar Power Plant
4.2 Main Components of a Solar PV Plant
4.2.1 Solar Array
4.2.2 An Inverter
4.2.3 Power Storage Battery
4.2.4 Charge Controller
4.2.5 Physical Infrastructure, Cables, Meters, Sensors
4.3 Performance of a Solar PV Plant
4.3.1 Levelized Cost of Solar Electricity
4.4 Types of Solar PV Plants
4.4.1 Standalone
4.4.2 Decentralized Distributed Generation
4.4.3 Grid-Connected Solar Plant
4.4.4 Solar Microgrids
4.4.5 Solarization of Agriculture Pumps in India
4.4.6 Solar Parks
References
5 Solar Light Energy: A Photovoltaic Cell
5.1 Photovoltaic Effect
5.2 A Solar Cell
5.3 Solar Cell Materials
5.3.1 The Cell Efficiency and Collector Area
5.4 Search for New Solar Cell Materials
5.4.1 Second Generation of Thin-Film Solar Cells
5.4.2 Third-Generation Multi-junction Solar Cells
5.4.3 New Materials for Solar Cells
References
Part II Solar Heat Energy and Chemical Energy Devices
6 Solar Collectors and Low-Temperature Solar Energy for Homes
6.1 Low-Temperature Heat
6.2 Types of Solar Heat Collectors
6.2.1 Flat-Plate Collectors
6.2.2 Concentrating Collectors
6.3 Low-Temperature Low-Cost Solar Energy Systems for Homes
6.3.1 Solar Water Heater (SWH) Technology
6.3.2 Solar Swimming Pool Heater
6.3.3 Solar Cooking Technology
References
7 Low-Temperature Solar Energy Systems for Industry
7.1 Solar Heat in Industry
7.2 Solar Water Heating Potential in Industry
7.2.1 Solar Energy Use in Indian Textiles Industry
7.3 Solar Dryer Technology
7.3.1 Naturally Convective Crop Drying
7.3.2 Indirect or Active Crop Drying
7.3.3 Hybrid Systems
7.3.4 Indian Spice Drying
7.4 Solar Desalination and Purification of Water
7.4.1 Solar Distillation by Flash Evaporation
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis for Water Distillation
7.4.3 Capillary Film Distillation
7.4.4 SoDis—Solar Disinfection of Water
7.5 Solar Pond Electricity Generator
7.6 Outlook for Indian Solar Thermal Industry
References
8 High-Temperature Solar Power Systems
8.1 High-Temperature Solar
8.2 A Solar Thermal Power Plant (STPP)
8.2.1 STPP with a Parabolic Trough Concentrator
8.2.2 STPP with a Central Receiver Tower System
8.2.3 A Big Dish Concentrator System
8.3 A Solar Furnace for Industry
8.4 Performance of Solar High-Temperature Systems
References
9 Solar Cooling Technologies
9.1 Solar Cooling
9.2 Main Drivers for Solar Cooling
9.3 Solar Cooling Technologies
9.3.1 Vapor Absorption Cycle
9.3.2 Vapor Compression Cycle
9.4 Phase Change Materials for Solar Cooling
9.5 Solar Cooling Installations in India
9.5.1 Outlook
References
10 Solar Chemical Energy and Green Hydrogen
10.1 Solar Chemical Energy
10.1.1 Photosynthesis
10.1.2 Artificial Photosynthesis
10.2 Need for Energy Storage
10.3 Solar Chemical Storage
10.3.1 Production of Hydrogen
10.3.2 Methods of Producing Green Hydrogen
10.4 Hydrogen as Future Energy Resource
References
Part III Large-Scale Solar: Local and Global
11 Building-Integrated Photo-Voltaic Systems
11.1 Solar Buildings Concept
11.1.1 Passive Solar Systems
11.1.2 Active Solar Systems
11.2 Energy Consumption in Buildings
11.2.1 Building Energy Modeling
11.2.2 Solar PV Simulation Software
11.3 Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) System
11.3.1 Applications of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic
11.3.2 Building-Integrated PV Façade
11.3.3 Building-Integrated Rooftop System
11.3.4 Building-Integrated Energy Storage System
11.3.5 Grid-Connected BIPV Systems
11.3.6 Economic Feasibility of BIPV
11.4 Solar-Powered Buildings of the World
11.4.1 Albuquerque, New Mexico
11.4.2 Apple Spaceship Headquarters at Cupertino in California, USA
11.4.3 Sundial Solar-Powered Office Building, Dezhou, China
11.4.4 Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, New Delhi
11.4.5 Cochin International Airport
11.4.6 CtrlS Datacenters Limited, Mumbai
11.5 Outlook
References
12 Solar Roof Top Advancements in India
12.1 Solar Rooftop
12.2 A Roof Top PV (RTPV) System
12.2.1 Installation of Solar Rooftop
12.2.2 Key Drivers and Benefits
12.2.3 Performance Ratio
12.3 Dynamic Rooftop Policy Infrastructure
12.4 Advancements of RTPV
12.5 Future Scenario and Strategic Goals
12.6 Outlook
References
13 Solar Energy in Cities
13.1 Mainstreaming Solar Energy Systems in Cities
13.1.1 Urban Morphology Impacting Solar Generation
13.2 Energy Consumption Pattern in Cities
13.3 Solar City Defined
13.4 Solar Photovoltaic Systems Application in Cities
13.5 Solar Smart Cities
13.5.1 Automation
13.5.2 Data-Driven Business Decisions
13.5.3 Grid Management
13.6 Enabling Policy Instruments for Promoting Renewable Energy in Cities
13.7 Global City Trends in Using Solar Energy
13.7.1 Diu, India
13.7.2 Masdar City, UAE
13.7.3 San Diego, California
13.7.4 City of Adelaide, Australia
13.7.5 Singapore, Singapore
13.8 Future Solar Applications in Cities
13.8.1 Floating Solar Farms or Floatovoltaics
13.8.2 Agro-photovoltaic
13.8.3 Solar EV Charging Infrastructure
References
14 International Solar Alliance—Toward Clean Energy Transition
14.1 Introduction
14.2 ISA Mission and Framework
14.3 Establishment of ISA Headquarters
14.4 ISA Technology Focus
14.4.1 Scaling Solar Application for Agricultural Use (SSAAU)
14.4.2 ISA Solar Cooling Initiative (I-SCI)
14.4.3 Scaling Solar E-Mobility and Storage
14.4.4 Scaling Solar Mini-grids
14.4.5 Scaling Solar Rooftop
14.4.6 Large-Scale Solar Power Projects Under Solar Park Concept in Cluster/Groups
14.4.7 Skill Development and Capacity Building
14.4.8 World Solar Technology Summit (WSTS)
14.5 ISA Special Initiatives for Member Countries
14.5.1 Financing Roadmap
14.5.2 OSOWOG
14.6 The Way Forward
References
Bibliography
