​Solar Energy Engineering and Applications gives a general and concise presentation of solar energy from a practical engineering perspective. The book provides readers with a comprehensive, accessible, and intuitive introduction to proven methods and tools for the design, implementation, and monitoring of solar energy systems and associated auxiliary technologies without covering detailed in-depth physics. Coverage includes key aspects of solar energy such as photovoltaic solar cells and systems, battery technologies, solar concentrators, and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems. Application areas such as homes, buildings, solar farms, street lighting, vehicles, and dryers are discussed. The methods for connecting solar farms and other photovoltaic installations to power distribution systems are explored in the context of smart grid technologies that are available to facilitate such connections. The book will be a valuable professional reference for practicing engineers and researchers involved in the applications of solar energy.
Author(s): Ahmed Rachid, Aytac Goren, Victor Becerra, Jovana Radulovic, Sourav Khanna
Series: Power Systems
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 197
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
1 Fundamentals of Solar Energy
1.1 Introduction to Solar Energy
1.2 Measurement of Solar Radiation
1.2.1 What Is Net Radiation Measurement?
1.2.2 Direct, Diffuse and Global Measurements
1.3 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation
1.4 Photovoltaics Cell Types
1.4.1 Silicon PV Cells (Monocrystalline, Multi or Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon Cells)
1.4.2 Thin Film Copper Indium Gallium (di)Selenide (CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Cu2ZnSn(S/Se)4 (CZTS) Cells
1.4.3 Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) PV Cells
1.4.4 Perovskite PV Cells
1.4.5 Organic PV Cells
1.4.6 Thermophotovoltaic Cells
References
2 Photovoltaic Cells and Systems
2.1 Fundamental Principles
2.1.1 Introduction to photovoltaic cells
2.1.2 Manufacturing of a Silicon PV Cell
2.1.3 Lamination Materials and Techniques
2.2 Ideal & One Diode Models
2.3 Standards for PV modules
2.3.1 Testing Photovoltaics After Production
2.3.2 Manufacturer Technical Specifications
2.3.3 Measuring a Photovoltaic Module
2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking
2.4.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm
2.4.2 Converter Topologies
2.4.3 Common MPPT Devices
2.5 Inverters
2.5.1 Principles of Operation
2.5.1.1 Full Bridge and Half-Bridge Inverters
2.5.1.2 Full-Bridge PWM Switched Unipolar Inverter
2.5.1.3 Three-Phase Inverters
2.5.2 Grid-Tie and Off-Grid Inverters
2.5.3 Commercial Solar Inverters
2.6 Standalone PV Systems
2.7 Grid Connected PV Systems
References
3 Battery Technologies
3.1 Introduction to Batteries
3.2 Principle of Operation
3.3 Applications of Battery Storage in PV Systems
3.4 Battery Characteristics
3.5 Battery Types
3.5.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
3.5.2 Nickel-Based Batteries
3.5.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries
3.5.4 Flow Zinc-Bromine Batteries
3.6 Comparison of Battery Technologies
3.7 Summary of Battery Characteristics (Table 3.6)
3.8 Battery Management Systems
References
4 Concentrating Photovoltaics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concentration
4.3 Solar Cells
4.4 Optics
4.5 Heat Sinks
4.6 Tracking Systems
4.7 Summary
References
5 Solar PVT Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Principles
5.2.1 Types of PV Cells Used in Hybrid PVT Systems
5.2.2 Types of Heat Extraction Used in Hybrid PVT Systems
5.2.3 Types of Fluids Used in Hybrid PVT Modules
5.2.3.1 Air-Based Hybrid PVT Systems
5.2.3.2 BIPVT
5.2.3.3 Water-Based PVT Systems
5.2.3.4 Combined Water/Air (Bi-Fluid) Based PVT Systems
5.2.3.5 Refrigerant-Based PVT Systems
5.2.4 Nanofluids-Based PVT Systems
5.2.5 PCM (Phase Change Materials)-Based PVT Systems
5.2.6 Glazing
5.3 Assessment
5.3.1 Summary of PVT Technologies
5.3.2 PVTs Versus PV+ST
5.4 Modeling the PVT
5.4.1 Modeling the Air-Based PVT
5.4.2 Modeling the Water-Based PVT
5.4.3 Heat Transfer Coefficients
5.4.3.1 Conduction
5.4.3.2 Convection
5.4.3.3 Radiation
5.4.4 State Space Description
5.4.5 Simulation
5.5 Examples of Hybrid PVT Products
5.6 Applications
References
6 Smart Grids and Solar Energy
6.1 Introduction to Smart Grids
6.2 Types of Solar PV Plants
6.3 Inverter Architectures
6.3.1 String Inverters
6.3.2 Multi-String Inverters
6.3.3 Central Inverters
6.3.4 Modular Inverters
6.4 Supply and Demand Balancing
6.5 Integration of Solar Power Into the Grid: Requirements and Challenges
6.5.1 Challenges with the Integration of Solar Power
6.5.1.1 Balancing Demand and Generation
6.5.1.2 PV Hosting Capacity of Distribution Feeders
6.5.1.3 Coordination of Protection Systems
6.5.1.4 Modelling of PV Plants for Grid Analysis
6.5.1.5 Voltage Regulation
6.5.2 Criteria for Solar Power Integration
6.6 Approaches for Grid Integration
6.6.1 Options to Facilitate the Integration of Solar Power
6.6.2 Active Network Management
6.6.2.1 Principles of Access
6.6.2.2 Third-Party ANM
6.6.2.3 Communications Networks for ANM
6.6.3 Other Flexible Options for Connection
6.7 Energy Storage and PV Integration
6.8 Microgrids and Solar Energy
6.8.1 The Point of Common Coupling
6.8.2 Microgrid Control, Monitoring and Optimisation
6.8.3 Microgrid Communications Infrastructure
6.9 Selling Solar Electricity and Market Opportunities
6.9.1 Power Purchase Agreements
6.9.2 Export Tariffs and Net Metering
6.9.3 Virtual Power Plants and Electricity Markets
6.9.3.1 Electricity Markets
6.9.3.2 Futures Market
6.9.3.3 Day-Ahead Market
6.9.3.4 Ancillary Services Market
6.9.3.5 Intraday Market
6.9.3.6 Real-Time Balancing Market
6.9.4 Microgrids and Energy Markets
References
7 Applications of Solar Energy
7.1 Rooftop Solar Installations
7.1.1 Factors that Influence Rooftop Installations
7.1.2 Mounting Systems for Sloping Roofs
7.1.2.1 On-Roof Mounting
7.1.2.2 In-Roof Systems
7.1.2.3 Solar Tiles
7.1.3 Mounting Systems for Flat Roofs
7.2 Building Integrated Solar PV Systems
7.3 Solar Vehicles (Cars, Boats and Planes)
7.4 Solar Pumping
7.4.1 Design Aspects
7.4.2 Examples
7.5 Solar Lighting
7.5.1 Lighting Characteristics
7.5.1.1 Design Aspects
7.5.1.2 Example 1: Street Lighting
7.5.1.3 Example 2: Outdoor Solar Lamps
7.5.1.4 Example 3: Portable Solar Lamps
References
8 Feasibility Assessment of Solar Energy Projects
8.1 Feasibility Studies
8.2 Technical Aspects
8.2.1 Modelling Case Study
8.3 Financial Aspects
8.3.1 Capital Costs
8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs
8.3.3 Revenues and Electricity Tariffs
8.3.4 Debt Servicing, Capital Repayment and Taxes
8.3.5 Financial Modelling
8.3.5.1 Net Present Value (NPV)
8.3.5.2 Payback Period (PP)
8.3.5.3 Return on Investment
8.3.5.4 Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
8.3.5.5 Financial Modelling Example
8.4 Environmental Aspects
8.4.1 Habitat Loss
8.4.2 Ground Concurrency
8.4.3 Water Use
8.4.4 Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Solar Energy Systems
8.4.5 Landscape and Visual Impacts
8.4.6 Reduction in Carbon Emissions
8.5 Social and Legal Aspects
8.5.1 Legal Aspects
8.5.2 Impacts on Cultural Heritage
8.5.3 Community Involvement
8.5.4 Energy Independence
References
9 Solar Thermal Energy Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of Solar Thermal Energy for Water/Air Heating
9.2.1 Flat Plate Collector
9.2.2 Evacuated Tube Collector
9.2.3 Compound Parabolic Collector
9.3 Application of Solar Thermal Energy for Power Generation
9.4 Summary
References
Index
