Soil Chemistry

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface to Fifth Edition
Preface to Fourth Edition
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction to Soil Chemistry
1.1 The soil chemistry discipline
1.2 Historical background
1.3 The soil environment
1.3.1 Soil chemical and biological interfaces
1.3.2 Soil solids
1.3.3 Soil interaction with the hydrosphere
1.3.4 Interaction of soil and the atmosphere
1.4 Chemical reactions in soils
1.4.1 Flow of chemical energy in soils
1.4.2 Soil chemical speciation
1.4.3 Chemical reaction types in soils
1.5 Soil biogeochemical cycling
1.6 Soil chemical influences on food production
1.7 Soils and environmental health
1.7.1 Soil chemistry and environmental toxicology
1.8 Units in soil chemistry
1.8.1 Converting units
1.9 Summary of important concepts in soil chemistry
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Properties of Elements and Molecules
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ionization and ionic charge
2.3 Ionic radius
2.4 Molecular bonds
2.5 Nature of water and hydration of ions
2.6 Ligands and metal bonds
2.7 Summary of important concepts of elemental and molecular properties
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Characteristics of Chemicals in Soils
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Occurrence of elements in soils
3.3 Essential elements
Special Topic Box 3.1
3.3.1 Plant deficiency
3.4 Inorganic contaminants in the environment
3.4.1 Assessing contamination status of soils
3.5 Anthropogenic organic chemicals in the soil environment
3.5.1 Pesticides in the environment
3.5.2 Chemicals of emerging concern in the environment
3.5.3 Chemical factors affecting organic chemical reactions in soil
3.6 Properties of the elements in soils
3.6.1 Alkali and alkaline earth cations
3.6.2 Major soluble anions in soils
3.6.3 Poorly soluble anions
3.6.4 Poorly soluble metal cations
3.6.5 Common toxic elements in soils
3.6.6 Major biogeochemical elements: carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
3.7 Summary of important concepts for chemicals in the soil environment
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Soil Water Chemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Thermodynamic approach to aqueous soil chemistry
4.2.1 Example using thermodynamics to calculate gypsum solubility in soils
4.2.2 Types of equilibrium constants
4.3 Calculation of ion activity
4.3.1 Use of ionic strength to calculate activity coefficients
4.3.2 Example calculation of activity coefficient
4.4 Acids and bases
4.4.1 Bases
4.4.2 Weak acids
4.5 Gas dissolution
4.5.1 Predicting dissolution of ammonia in water
4.5.2 Predicting pH of water due to CO2 dissolution
4.6 Precipitation and dissolution reactions
4.6.1 Solubility of minerals
4.6.2 Iron and aluminum dissolution from oxides and hydroxides
4.6.3 Calcite and carbon dioxide in soils
4.6.4 Solubility of minerals in soils
4.6.5 Solubility of contaminant metals from minerals
4.7 Cation hydrolysis
4.8 Complexation
4.8.1 Predicting equilibrium for complexation reactions
4.8.2 Chelate reactions with metals
4.8.3 Trends in cation ligand affinity
4.8.4 Predicting complexation using the hard and soft acid‐base (HASB) concept
4.9 Using software to predict soil solution equilibrium
4.10 Kinetics of chemical reaction in soil solution
4.11 Summary of important concepts for soil solution chemistry
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Redox Reactions in Soils
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Redox reactions in nature
5.2.1 Photosynthesis redox reactions
5.2.2 Electron donors in nature
5.2.3 Electron acceptors in nature
5.3 Basic approaches for characterizing soil redox processes
5.3.1 Using chemical species in soils to monitor redox status of soils
5.3.2 Predicting redox processes in soil using chemical reactions
5.3.3 Quantifying redox potential with a redox electrode
5.3.4 Relating Eh to pe
5.4 The role of protons in redox reactions
5.5 Redox potential limits in natural systems
5.6 pe–pH diagrams
5.7 Prediction of oxidation and reduction reactions in soils
5.7.1 Reduction reactions on the redox ladder
5.7.2 Oxidation reactions on the redox ladder
5.8 Redox measurement in soils
5.8.1 Other methods to assess redox status of soils
5.9 Soil redoximorphic features and iron reduction in wetlands
5.10 Nitrogen redox reactions in soils
5.10.1 Nitrogen assimilation
5.10.2 Ammonification
5.10.3 Nitrification
5.10.4 Denitrification
5.10.5 Biological nitrogen fixation
5.10.6 Anammox and dissimilatory nitrogen reduction to ammonium
5.10.7 Limitations to theoretical nitrogen redox reaction predictions
5.11 Summary of important concepts in soil redox reactions
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Mineralogy and Weathering Processes in Soils
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Common soil minerals
6.3 Crystal chemistry of minerals
6.3.1 Bonds in minerals
6.3.2 Rules for assembling minerals
6.3.3 Isomorphic substitution
6.3.4 Mineral formulas
6.4 Common primary mineral silicates in soils
6.4.1 Nesosilicates
6.4.2 Inosilicates
6.4.3 Phyllosilicates
6.4.4 Tectosilicates
6.4.5 Cations in primary silicates
6.5 Minerals and elements in rocks
6.5.1 Elemental composition of rocks
6.6 Stability of silicates to weathering
6.7 Chemistry of soil weathering and mineral formation
6.7.1 Initial breakdown of primary minerals
6.7.2 Formation of soil minerals
6.7.3 Weathering effects on element composition in soils
6.8 Formation of secondary minerals in soils
6.8.1 Prediction of secondary mineral formation
6.9 Soil carbonates
6.10 Evaporites
6.11 Soil phosphate minerals
6.12 Sulfur minerals
6.13 Time sequence of mineral formation in soils
6.14 Measurement of soil mineralogy
6.14.1 Principles of X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) for clay mineralogy
6.14.2 Example calculation of d‐spacing from a diffractogram
6.14.3 Selective extraction of iron oxides and amorphous aluminosilicates from soils
6.15 Important concepts in soil mineralogy
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Chemistry of Soil Clays
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structural characteristics of phyllosilicates
7.2.1 1:1 phyllosilicates
7.2.2 2:1 phyllosilicates
7.3 Relation of phyllosilicate structure to physical and chemical properties
7.3.1 Interlayer bond
7.3.2 Surface area
7.3.3 c-spacing
7.3.4 Cation adsorption and layer charge
7.3.5 Shrink and swell behavior and interlayer collapse
7.4 Detailed properties of phyllosilicates
7.4.1 Kaolins
7.4.2 Smectite
7.4.3 Vermiculite
7.4.4 Mica and Illite
7.4.5 Chlorite
7.5 Allophane and imogolite
7.6 Zeolite
7.7 Oxide minerals
7.7.1 Aluminum oxides
7.7.2 Iron oxides
7.7.3 Titanium oxides
7.7.4 Manganese oxides
7.8 Summary of soil clays
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 8 Production and Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Components in SOM
8.1.2 Studying SOM
8.2 Ecosystem carbon storage and fluxes
8.3 Soil organic matter formation factors
8.3.1 Residence time of SOM
8.3.2 Climate effects on SOM
8.3.3 SOM in wetlands
8.3.4 Soil mineral effects on SOM
8.4 Organic chemistry of SOM
8.5 Plant and microbial compounds input into soil
8.6 SOM decay processes
8.7 SOM composition and structure
8.8 NaOH extraction of SOM
8.9 Function of organic matter in soil
8.9.1 Organic nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
8.9.2 SOM influences on chemical processes
8.9.3 SOM influences on physical properties
8.9.4 Organic chemical partitioning
8.10 Summary of SOM
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Surface Properties of Soil Colloids
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Permanent charge
9.3 pH-dependent charge
9.3.1 Balancing surface charge
9.3.2 Variable charge on phyllosilicates
9.3.3 pH-dependent charge on iron and aluminum oxides
9.4 Point of zero charge of variable charged surfaces
9.5 pH-dependent charge of SOM
9.6 Hydrophobic regions of soil organic matter
9.7 Summary of important concepts in soil surface charge
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Adsorption Processes in Soils
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Outer-sphere adsorption
10.1.2 Inner-sphere adsorption
10.1.3 Adsorption of non-charged chemicals to soil particles
10.1.4 Desorption
10.2 Physical model of charged soil particle surfaces
10.2.1 Force of ion attraction to charged surfaces
10.2.2 The diffuse double layer
10.2.3 Surface potential on variable charged surfaces
10.2.4 Stern modification of the Gouy‐Chapman DDL theory
10.2.5 Interacting diffuse double layers from adjacent particles
10.3 Cation exchange on soils
10.3.1 Cation exchange selectivity
10.3.2 Cation exchange equations
10.3.3 Measuring CEC
10.4 Inner-sphere adsorbed cations
10.4.1 Inner-sphere adsorption of cations on minerals
10.4.2 Metal adsorption selectivity on minerals
10.4.3 Inner-sphere metal adsorption on soil organic matter
10.4.4 Inner-sphere metal adsorption in soils
10.5 Anion adsorption
10.5.1 Outer-sphere adsorbed anions
10.5.2 Inner-sphere adsorption of anions
10.6 Adsorption of anthropogenic organic chemicals in soils
10.6.1 Mechanisms of organic chemical retention
10.6.2 Adsorption of charged pesticides
10.6.3 Retention of nonionic organic chemicals
10.6.4 Predicting organic chemical retention in soil
10.6.5 Aging effects on organic chemical adsorption
10.7 Summary of important concepts for adsorption and desorption reactions in soils
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Measuring and Predicting Sorption Processes in Soils
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Adsorption experiments
11.3 Predicting adsorption using empirical models
11.3.1 Linear adsorption isotherms
11.3.2 Nonlinear adsorption isotherms
11.4 Predicting adsorption using mechanistic models
11.5 Rates of adsorption
11.5.1 Modeling adsorption kinetics
11.6 Reactive transport
11.7 Surface precipitation
11.8 Analytical methods for determining adsorption mechanisms
11.9 Summary of important concepts for modeling surface reactions in soils
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Soil Acidity
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Measurement of soil acidity
12.2 History of soil acidity
12.3 The role of aluminum in soil pH
12.3.1 Creation of exchangeable aluminum
12.4 Base cations in soil solutions
12.4.1 Aqueous chemistry of base cations
12.4.2 Exchangeable base cations
12.4.3 Total exchangeable acidity
12.5 Soil acidification processes
12.5.1 Organic matter influences on pH
12.5.2 Acidity from the nitrogen cycle
12.5.3 Phosphate and sulfate fertilizer additions to soil acidity
12.5.4 Plant root influences on soil acidity
12.5.5 Protonation and deprotonation of mineral surfaces
12.5.6 Pollution sources of soil acidity
12.5.7 Redox reaction influence on soil acidity
12.6 Aluminum and manganese toxicity
12.7 Plant nutrients in acid soils
12.8 Managing acidic soils
12.8.1 Predicting lime requirement
12.8.2 Optimal management of soil pH
12.9 Summary of important concepts in soil acidity
Questions
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Salt-Affected Soils
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Distribution and origin of salt-affected soils
13.2.1 Mineral weathering sources of salts
13.2.2 Salinity from fossil salts
13.2.3 Atmospheric salt sources
13.2.4 Topographic influence on soil salt concentrations
13.2.5 Human sources of soil salinity
13.3 Characterization of salinity in soil and water
13.3.1 Total dissolved solids
13.3.2 Electrical conductivity
13.3.3 Sodium hazard
13.3.4 Exchangeable sodium percentage
13.3.5 Bicarbonate hazard
13.3.6 Other problematic solutes in irrigation water
13.4 Describing salt-affected soils
13.4.1 Saline soils
13.4.2 Saline-sodic soils
13.4.3 Sodic soils
13.5 Effects of salts on soils and plants
13.6 Salt balance and leaching requirement
13.7 Reclamation
13.8 Summary of important concepts in soil salinity
Questions
Bibliography
Index
Supplemental Images
EULA