Sociology: Structure and Change

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 Introduction to Sociology
Introduction
1.1 What Is Sociology?
The Sociological Imagination
Sociology and Social Structure
Structure Matters: Loss of Jobs and Wages
Agency and Change
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? National Coalition for the Homeless
1.2 Early Sociological Thinkers: The European Influence
Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
Karl Marx
Émile Durkheim
Max Weber
Georg Simmel
1.3 Early Sociology in the United States
The Chicago School
Jane Addams
W. E. B. Du Bois
1.4 The Three Major Sociological Paradigms
Structural Functionalism
The Conflict Perspective
Symbolic Interactionism
The Relationship of the Three Paradigms to Each Other
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
2 Sociological Research
Introduction
2.1 Researching the Social World
The Scientific Method and Objectivity in Sociological Research
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods
Conducting Sociological Research
Choose a Research Topic
Develop a Research Question or Questions
Review the Literature
Formulate a Hypothesis
Develop the Research Design
Collect Data
Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions
Disseminate Research Findings
2.2 Types of Sociological Methods
Surveys
Field Research
Unobtrusive Observation
Participant Observation
Interviews
Ethnography
Case Studies
Secondary Data Analysis
Experiments
2.3 Ethics in Sociological Research
History of Human Subjects in Research
American Sociological Association’s (ASA) Code of Ethics
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do? 38
Your Turn: What Can You Do? 38
Essay Questions
3 Culture
Introduction
3.1 What Is Culture?
The Components of Culture
Symbols
Language
Cultural Transmission
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The Power of Language: Gender and Sexuality
Values
American Values
Global Values
Norms
Folkways
Mores
Laws
3.2 Cultural Diversity
Subcultures and Countercultures
Multiculturalism and Assimilation
Structure Matters: Indian Boarding Schools and the Complexities of American Assimilation
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Structure Matters: Asian American Stereotypes in Popular Culture
High Culture and Popular Culture
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Taking a Minimalist Approach to Life
3.3 Cultural Change
Technology and Cultural Change
Globalization and Cultural Change
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Stand Against Racism
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
4 Socialization
Introduction
4.1 Socialization and Nurture: Becoming Human
The Nature versus Nurture Debate
Evidence of Nurture: Harlow’s Rhesus Monkeys
The Importance of Nurture: Cases of Isolated Children
4.2 Sociological Theories of the Self
Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self
George Herbert Mead: The Three Stages of the “I-Me” Self
4.3 Agents of Socialization
The Family
Parenting Styles across Cultures
Socialization by Race and Ethnicity
Socialization by Class
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Prevent Child Abuse America
School
Peer Groups
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Stomp Out Bullying
Religion
Mass Media
Structure Matters: Toys and Gender Socialization
Structure Matters: Understanding Fake News
4.4 Resocialization
Voluntary Resocialization
Involuntary Resocialization
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
5 Social Structure and Interaction
Introduction
5.1 Social Structure and Institutions
Understanding Social Structure: The Macro Level
Family
Education and Religion
Economic Systems
Political and Legal Systems
Mass Media
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Representation Project
5.2 Beyond Social Institutions: Components of Social Structure
Culture
Groups
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Getting Involved
Social Class
Social Status
Social Roles
5.3 Social Interaction: Micro-Level Orientations
The Social Construction of Reality
Dramaturgy
Sociology of Emotions
Nonverbal Communication
5.4 Theories of Social Structure and Interaction
Symbolic Interactionism: The Thomas Theorem and the Social Creation of Reality
Structure Matters: In the Formation of Our Perceptions
Structural Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
6 Groups and Organizations
Introduction
6.1 What Are Social Groups?
Primary and Secondary Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
Reference Groups
6.2 Group Size, Structure, and Interaction
Group Size
Leadership Styles
Influence on Others
Group Conformity
Solomon Asch’s Research (1952) 109
Stanley Milgram’s Research (1963)
Structure Matters: Conformity and Obedience
Groupthink
Social Capital and Social Networks
6.3 Organizations
Voluntary Associations
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Habitat For Humanity
Utilitarian, Normative, and Coercive Organizations
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? ASPCA
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy in Contemporary Society
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
Introduction
7.1 What Is Deviance?
Understanding Norms and Sanctions as They Relate to Deviance
Cultural Relativism and Deviance
7.2 How Do Sociologists Explain Deviance?
Structural Functionalism
Symbolic Interactionism: Learning Theories of Deviance
Symbolic Interactionism: Labeling Theories of Deviance
Conflict Theory
The Feminist Perspective: Thinking About Gender and Deviance
7.3 What Is Crime?
A Look at Crime Statistics
Victimless Crime
Structure Matters: Drug Prohibition in the United States
Hate Crimes
Organized Crime
White-Collar Crime
Corporate Crime
Costs of White-Collar and Corporate Crime
Prosecution and Punishment of White-collar and Corporate Crime
7.4 What Is Social Control, and What Forms of Social Control Are Used to Address Crime?
Formal Social Control: Police
Formal Social Control: Courts
Formal Social Control: Prisons
Mass Incarceration
Explaining Incarceration Rates
Structure Matters: Changes in Drug Laws and Incarceration Rates
The Death Penalty
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Sentencing Project
Community Alternatives to Incarceration
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Centre for Justice and Reconciliation
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
8 Social Class Stratification in the United States
Introduction
8.1 What Is Social Stratification?
Open and Closed Systems of Stratification
Slavery and Caste Systems
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Free the Slaves
Class Systems
8.2 Classic Perspectives on Social Class
Karl Marx and Social Class
Max Weber and Social Class
8.3 Contemporary Class Structure, Inequality, and Poverty in the United States
Social Classes in the United States
Structure Matters: Representations of the Wealthy in the Media
Income Inequality in the United States
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Income Inequality
Wealth Inequality in the United States
Poverty in the United States
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Langston Hughes Club
8.4 The Impact of Poverty and Inequality
Food, Environmental Hazards, and Stress
Neighborhoods and Housing
Education
Incarceration
Structure Matters: Social Class and Incarceration
8.5 Social Structure and Inequality and Poverty
Pathways to Inequality and Poverty
Welfare
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
9 Global Stratification
Introduction
9.1 What Is Global Stratification, and How Is It Studied?
Population and Geographic Size
Per Capita Income
The “Three Worlds” and “Levels of Development” Approaches
Classification of Nations by Income
Low-Income Countries
Middle-Income Nations
High-Income Nations
9.2 Measuring Poverty and Inequality Around the World
Worldwide Levels of Absolute Poverty
The Gini Coefficient
9.3 Effects of Global Inequality and Poverty Around the World
Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy
Health, Food Insecurity, and Infectious Diseases
Structure Matters: Undernourishment
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Rise Against Hunger
Literacy and Education
Structure Matters: Gender and Education in Low-Income Nations
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Global Partnership for Education
9.4 Theories of Global Stratification
Modernization Theory
Dependency Theory
Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
Neocolonialism
Globalization
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
10 Race and Ethnicity
Introduction
10.1 Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Society
What Is Race and Ethnicity?
The Social Construction of Race
Dominant and Subordinate Groups
10.2 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Distinguishing Between Prejudice and Discrimination
The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis on Prejudice
Learning Prejudice
Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Hate Groups
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Southern Poverty Law Center
Color-Blind Racism
Double Consciousness
10.3 Institutional Racism in the United States
Understanding Institutional Racism
Structure Matters: Examples of Institutional Racism
Institutional Racism and Education Inequality
Institutional Racism and Housing Segregation
Institutional Racism and Environmental Inequality
Institutional Racism and Politics
Structure Matters: Racial Discrimination and Voting
Genocide: Institutional Racism in the Extreme
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? United to End Genocide
10.4 Racial Stratification in the United States
Income, Poverty, and Wealth
Education Levels
Health
Criminal Justice
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
11 Gender and Sexuality
Introduction
11.1 Gender and Sexuality
What Is Sex? What Is Gender?
Gender Roles and Gender Identity
Gender Fluidity
11.2 Gender Socialization
Learning Gender Through Parents
Learning Gender from Peers
Learning Gender in Schools
Mass Media and Gender Socialization
11.3 Gender Stratification
Gender and Education
Gender and the Workplace
Gender and Unpaid Labor in the Home
Gender, Power, and Government
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Representation 2020
Violence and Harassment Against Women and Girls
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
Structure Matters: Sexual Harassment
11.4 Feminism
Basic Goals of Feminism
The Three Waves of Feminism
Structure Matters: Gender and the Supreme Court
11.5 Sexuality and Stratification
Sexual Orientation and Sexual Preference
Heterosexism and LGBTQ Discrimination
Social Stratification in the LGBTQ Community
Employment Discrimination and Poverty 236
Housing 236
Adoption 237
Healthcare
Homophobia and Violence
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
12 Family and Intimate Relationships
Introduction
12.1 Understanding Family and Marriage
Functions of the Family
Types of Families
Marriage
Monogamy and Polygamy
Homogamy, Endogamy, and Exogamy
Patterns of Descent and Power
The Role of Love in Intimate Relationships
Structure Matters: Who Can Marry in the United States?
12.2 The Changing Landscape of Marriage and Family
Remaining Single
Delaying Marriage
Cohabitation
Having Children
Child-free Families
Adoption
Single-Parent Families
Divorce
Structure Matters: Divorce
Remarriage and Blended Families
Same-Sex Marriage and Families
12.3 Dual-Earner Couples, Housework, and Childcare
Balancing Work and Family in Heterosexual Families
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Moms Rising
Household Labor and Childcare in Same-Sex Marriages
12.4 Violence and Other Challenging Issues in Families
Child Maltreatment
Domestic Violence
Elder Abuse
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Creative Interventions
Teenage Pregnancies and Births
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
13 Education
Introduction
13.1 Understanding Education Through a Sociological Lens
The Manifest Functions of Education
The Latent Functions of Education
13.2 Education and Inequality
Tracking
Standardized Testing
The Hidden Curriculum
13.3 Issues and Challenges Facing U.S. Primary and Secondary Schools
Public School Funding
Structure Matters: Public School Funding
School Dropout Rates
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The National Dropout Prevention Center
Racial Segregation in Public Schools
Structure Matters: Racial Segregation in Public Schools
13.4 School Choice and Alternatives to Traditional Public Schools
School Vouchers
Charter Schools
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Paulo Freire Freedom Schools
13.5 Issues Facing Colleges and Universities
The Rising Costs of Higher Education
Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences in Educational Enrollment and Attainment
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
14 Religion
Introduction
14.1 The Sociological Aspects of Religion
The Sacred and the Profane
Structure Matters: Social Structure and Religious Practices in the United States
Categories of Religion
Religious Organizations
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Fellowship of Reconciliation
14.2 World Religions
Buddhism
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Buddhist Peace Fellowship
Christianity
Hinduism
Islam
Judaism
14.3 Religious Trends: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Education
Race and Religion
Gender, Sexuality, and Religion
Education and Religion
14.4 Religion in the United States
Religion in the United States: Data and Trends
Debates Between Religion and Science
Structure Matters: Religion and Public Education: A Struggle Over Boundaries
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
15 The Economy and Work
15.1 The Economy
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Economies
Understanding Capitalism
Structure Matters: The Assembly Line
Capitalism in the United States
Socialism
Communism
Mixed Economies: The Welfare State and Democratic Socialism
Capitalism in a Global Economy
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Global March Against Child Labour
15.2 The Structure of Work in the United States
Primary and Secondary Labor Markets
Job Demand and Skills
Underground Economy
Part-Time and Contingent Work
Self-Employment
Unemployment
15.3 The Experience of Work in the United States
Labor Unions
Structure Matters: The 8-Hour Workday: Brought to You by Labor Unions
Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement
15.4 Inequality in the U.S. Workforce
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Gender Inequality
Disability
Age
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? National Committee on Pay Equity
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
16 Politics and Government
Introduction
16.1 Authority, Power, and Government
Forms of Authority: Traditional, Charismatic, and Rational-Legal Authority
Political Systems Around the World
16.2 Politics in the United States
U.S. Political Parties: Past and Present
Structure Matters: A History of Political Parties in the United States
Party Affiliation in the United States
Political Participation
Structure Matters: Voting in the United States
Voter Apathy
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Project Vote
Political Funding
Special Interest Groups
Political Action Committees
Racial and Gender Inequality in Government
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? She Should Run
Power and the U.S. Government
16.3 The Military, War, and Terrorism
The United States Military
Changes in the Military: Race, Gender and Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation
War
Terrorism
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
17 Health, Medicine, and Aging
Introduction
17.1 Health and Inequality
The Impact of Age and Sex on Health
Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Health
Health Inequality in a Global Perspective
17.2 Medicine and Healthcare
Structure Matters: The Social Construction of Nutrition Guidelines
Western Medicine
The Medicalization of American Society
Healthcare
Health Insurance
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Healthcare, Medicine, and Inequality
The Eugenics Movement and Sterilization Programs
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? WhiteCoats4BlackLives
17.3 Mental Illness and Disability
Mental Illness
Structure Matters: The Social Construction of Mental Illness
Disability
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Challenged Athletes Foundation (CAF)
17.4 Aging, Death, and Dying
The Graying of Society
Ageism
Poverty and Age
Caring for the Elderly
Death and Dying
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
18 Population,Urbanization,and the Environment
18.1 Demography: The Study of Population
Introduction
Fertility Rates
Mortality Rates
Migration
Population Composition
Structure Matters: The United States Census
18.2 Explaining the Effects of Population Growth
Malthusian Theory
Demographic Transition Theory
18.3 Urbanization
Types of Cities
Growth of Cities: Megacities
Problems in Global Cities
Problems Faced by U.S. Cities
Rural Issues in the United States
18.4 Understanding Urbanization and Life in Cities
The Concentric Zone Model
Contemporary Urban Ecology
Structure Matters: Social Structure and Clean Car Technology
Power, Wealth, and Urban Development
Urban Life Through a Micro-Level Lens: Simmel, Wirth, and Gans
Georg Simmel
Louis Wirth 413
Herbert Gans
18.5 The Environment
Pollution
Resource Depletion
Climate Change
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? 350.org
Environmental Racism
Environmental Racism in the United States
Environmental Racism Around the World
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions
19 Collective Behavior and Social Movements
Introduction
19.1 Collective Behavior
Crowds
Structure Matters: The War of the Worlds Panic of 1938
Masses
Understanding Collective Behavior: Contagion Theories
Convergence Theory
Emergent Norm Theory
19.2 Social Movements
Stages of Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Vegan Society
19.3 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Social Movements
Relative Deprivation Theory
The Value-Added Approach
Resource Mobilization Theory
Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? CODEPINK
Political Opportunity Theory
Structure Matters: Social Movements and Protest in the United States
Framing Theory
New Social Movement Theory
Emotions and Social Movements
Summary
Agents of Change: What Can You Do?
Your Turn: What Can You Do?
Essay Questions 445
Glossary
References
Credits
Index