Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis: Global, Regional, and Local Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
Contributors
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Socioeconomic Dynamics of the COVID-19 Crisis: Global, Regional, and Local Perspectives
References
Part I: Impacts on Entrepreneurship and Management Studies
Chapter 2: Entrepreneurial Frugality in Crisis: An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Frugality
2.2.2 Entrepreneurial Frugality
2.2.3 An Overview of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Sampling and Data Collection
2.3.2 Data Analysis
2.4 Findings
2.4.1 What Was Entrepreneurial Frugality in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from the Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
2.4.2 Why Were Entrepreneurs Frugal in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from the Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
2.4.3 How Have Entrepreneurs Been Frugal in the COVID-19 Outbreak Crisis from Entrepreneurs’ Perspective?
2.5 Discussion
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: The Future of International Entrepreneurship Post-COVID-19
3.1 Introduction
3.2 International Entrepreneurship as a Field
3.3 Digital International Entrepreneurship
3.4 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Support in International Entrepreneurship
3.5 Export Support in International Entrepreneurship
3.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Development of Entrepreneurial Universities: A Study of Higher Education Institutions in Turkey
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Entrepreneurship Education
4.2.2 Entrepreneurial Universities
4.2.3 COVID-19 Pandemics and Higher Education
4.3 Aims and Methodology
4.3.1 The Data-Gathering Phase
4.3.2 The Data Analysis Technique and Tool
4.4 Research Findings
4.4.1 The Turkish Context
4.4.2 Survey Findings
4.4.2.1 Social and Economic Impacts at the Local, National, and International Level
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Opportunities and Threats Facing Early-Stage Digital Startups During the COVID-19 Pandemic
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 SMEs and Startups During COVID-19
5.2.2 Digital Startups During COVID-19 Pandemic
5.3 Research Methodology
5.3.1 Research Design and Procedure
5.3.2 Sources of Data
5.4 Data Analysis
5.4.1 Opportunities and Threats Related to Market and Marketing
5.4.2 Opportunities and Threats Related to Startup Teams
5.4.3 Opportunities and Threats Related to Operational and Management Issues
5.4.4 Opportunities and Threats Related to Financial and Economic Activities
5.5 Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research
References
Chapter 6: Developments and Changes in Organization and Management Research in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Foundationalist Approach
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.3 Theoretical Foundations of Organization and Management that Have Changed Due to COVID-19 Crisis
6.3.1 Utilitarianism as a Basis for Management
6.3.2 Social Responsibility as the Basis of Management
6.3.3 Pragmatism as the Basis of Management
6.4 Organizational Areas Affected by the COVID-19 Crisis
6.4.1 Changes in the Organizational Culture
6.4.2 Changes in the Organizational Structures
6.4.3 Changes in the Inter-/Intra-Organizational Communications
6.4.4 Changes in the Business Processes and Technologies
6.4.5 Changes in the Managerial Decision-Making
6.4.6 Changes in the Organizational Strategies
6.4.7 Changes in the Supply Chain Management
6.4.8 Changes in the Quality Management
6.4.9 Changes in the Human Resource Management
6.4.10 Leadership in the Post-Coronavirus Age
6.5 Three General Recommendations
6.5.1 Technology
6.5.2 More Focus on Social Responsibility
6.5.3 Ethics and Spirituality
6.6 Conclusions
6.6.1 Managerial Research Currents in the Face of the COVID-19 Crisis
6.6.2 Deaths and Births of the Businesses Due to the COVID-19 Crisis
6.7 Conclusion and Suggestions
References
Part II: Shock Economy and Financial Dynamics
Chapter 7: Lessons from COVID-19 and Its Impact on Reallocation of Resources: A Cross-Country Comparison in Search of a Global Perspective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Pandemics in Their Historical Context and Their Impact on Changing Economic Conditions and Social Environment
7.2.2 The Impact of Environmental Changes on the Creation of Pandemics
7.2.3 Pandemics, Economic Condition, and the Role of Governments in Responding to the Needs and Provision of Public Goods and Services
7.3 Methodology
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Selected Essential Indicators of Healthcare Preparedness Before COVID-19
7.4.2 Economic Preparedness for Facing Pandemics Through Overall Budgetary Allocation to Meet the Needs and Provision of Healthcare Services
7.4.2.1 Focusing on the Impact of Pandemic on Low-Income Countries
7.4.3 The Impact of Social Environment on Resilience of Countries to Pandemics
7.4.3.1 The Impact of Trust Within an Economy
7.4.3.2 Having Choice to Withstand Harsh Economic Environment
7.5 Need for International Cooperation
7.6 How the Lessons Learned May Impact the Resource Allocations Within the Countries and in the Global Setting
7.7 The Blueprint for a Better Allocation of Resources Toward Creating a Sustainable World That Can Withstand the Challenges Ahead
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Financial Markets and COVID-19
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Financial Effects of Corona
8.3 Effects on the South
8.4 IFIs
8.5 Financial Effects in the North
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Forecasting Monetary Policy Rates in the COVID-19 Era for South Africa
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Methodology
9.3.1 Data
9.3.2 Model Estimation
9.3.2.1 Univariate Modelling
9.3.2.2 Multivariate Modelling
9.4 Results and Discussions
9.4.1 Forecasts of Inflation
9.4.2 Forecasts of Bank Rate
9.4.3 Forecasts of Foreign Exchange Rate
9.4.4 Multivariate Forecasts
9.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 10: The Effectiveness of the COVID-19 Economic and Social Relief Package as a Poverty Alleviation Strategy in South Africa
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.3 Literature Review
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.4.1 Government Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic, ESRP and Poverty Alleviation
10.4.2 Social Grant
10.4.3 Social Relief of Distress Grant
10.4.4 Food Parcel Scheme
10.4.5 Unemployment Benefits
10.4.6 Paid Holidays
10.5 Recommendations
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Oil Price, Foreign Reserves, and Exchange Rate Nexus During COVID-19
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Review
11.2.1 Research Gap in Reviewed Literature
11.3 Research Methods
11.3.1 Causality Model Specification
11.3.2 Structural VAR Identification
11.3.3 Impulse Response Functions
11.3.4 Variable Measurement and Sources
11.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
11.4.1 Appraisal of COVID-19, Oil Price, Foreign Reserve, and Exchange Rate
11.4.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation
11.4.2.1 Descriptive Statistics, Unit Root, Co-integration Estimates, and Lag Selection Criteria
11.4.3 Causality Estimate
11.4.4 Impulse Response Functions
11.5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
References
Part III: Politics and Sociology of the COVID-19 Crisis
Chapter 12: COVID-19 and China’s Quest for Global Hegemony
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.2.1 COVID-19: Origin, Transmission and Impact
12.2.2 COVID-19, Biological Weapons and Biological Warfare
12.3 Discussions
12.3.1 The International System and the Struggle for Power and Influence
12.3.2 China’s Quest for Global Hegemony
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: COVID-19 and the Cultural Challenges of the Rights of Contemporary African Ancestors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Constructing the Rights of the African Ancestors
13.3 Methodological and Theoretical Frameworks
13.4 Qualifications, Responsibilities and Rights of the African Ancestors
13.5 Implications of COVID-19 on the Rights of Contemporary Ancestors
13.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Psychology of the COVID-19 Crisis
Chapter 14: Psychological Perspectives on COVID-19
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.3 Behavioural Immune System (BIS)
14.4 The Terror Management Theory (TMT)
14.5 Psychological/Behavioural Reactions
14.5.1 Anxiety
14.5.1.1 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
14.5.1.2 Health Anxiety (HA)
14.5.1.3 Coronaphobia
14.5.2 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
14.5.3 Hoarding Behaviours
14.5.4 Depression
14.5.4.1 Suicide
14.5.5 Loneliness/Social Isolation
14.5.6 Addictive Behaviours
14.5.7 Potential Consequences of Psychological/Behavioural Reactions
14.5.7.1 Stigmatization
14.5.7.2 Domestic Violence
14.5.7.3 Interpersonal Relationship Problems
14.5.8 Vulnerable Populations
14.5.8.1 Children/Adolescents
14.5.8.2 Parents/Families
14.5.8.3 The Elderly
14.5.8.4 Marginalized Groups (i.e., Refugees, Immigrants, and Homeless Individuals)
14.5.8.5 People with Pre-existing Psychiatric Disorders
14.5.8.6 Health-Care Workers (HCWs)
14.5.8.7 COVID-19 Patients/Survivors
14.5.9 Interventions
14.6 Discussion
14.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Incorporating the Outcomes of COVID-19 with Other Recent Pandemic Outbreaks on Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods and Procedure
15.2.1 Identification of Studies
15.2.2 Quality Assessment
15.2.3 Risk of Bias Assessment
15.2.4 Inclusion Criteria
15.2.5 Data Extraction and Selection Procedure
15.2.6 Statistical Analysis
15.3 Results
15.3.1 Search Results
15.3.2 Meta-analysis of Different Psychological Problems Faced by Healthcare Workers
15.4 Discussion
15.5 Conclusion
References
Part V: The COVID-19 Crisis: Public Health and Biopolitics
Chapter 16: The Spread of the Novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Polluted Cities: Environmental and Demographic Factors to Control for the Prevention of Future Pandemic Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Study Design
16.2.1 Data and Their Sources
16.2.2 Sample, Period, and Measures
16.2.3 Data Analysis and Procedure
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 17: High-Performing Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the Spread of COVID-19
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and Methods
17.2.1 Sources, Sample, and Data
17.2.2 Modeling and Data Analysis Procedure
17.2.3 Measure of Variables
17.2.4 Performance Measures
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.4 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Chapter 18: Perceptions and Coping Strategies to COVID-19 in a Rural Ghanaian Community
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Theoretical Framework
18.3 Materials and Method
18.3.1 Study Design and Participants
18.3.2 Data Collection Instruments and Procedure
18.3.3 Data Analysis
18.4 Results
18.4.1 Participants’ Characteristics
18.4.2 Perceptions of COVID-19
18.4.2.1 Knowledge of COVID-19 Existence
18.4.2.2 Causes of COVID-19
18.4.2.3 Spread and Symptoms of COVID-19
18.4.2.4 Misinformation, Public Fear, and Panic Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic
18.4.3 COVID-19 and Social Activities and Norms
18.4.4 Coping Strategies to COVID-19
18.4.4.1 Conventional Coping Strategies
18.4.4.2 Nonconventional (Traditional Knowledge) Coping Strategies
18.5 Discussion
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Government Policy Response to COVID-19 and Stock Market Return: The Case of Iran
19.1 Introduction
19.2 COVID-19 and the Stock Market in Iran
19.3 Literature Review
19.3.1 The Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Markets
19.3.2 The Impact of Government Policy Response to COVID-19 on Financial Markets
19.4 Methodology
19.5 Empirical Results and Discussion
19.5.1 Data
19.5.2 Result of the Threshold Regression
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Request and Donation Efficiencies in a Crisis: Data Envelopment Analyses of a Philippine Web-Based Emergency Response System
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Review of Related Literature
20.2.1 Hospital Supply Chains and Crises
20.2.2 Data Envelopment Analysis in Hospitals
20.3 Methodology
20.4 Findings
20.5 Discussion and Recommendations
20.6 Conclusion
Appendix I
References
Part VI: The COVID-19 Crisis: Food and Agriculture
Chapter 21: How Did COVID-19 Reshape Food Procurement Around the Globe? Effective Operation and Redesign of the Food Retail Industry in China, Portugal, Turkey, and the USA
21.1 Introduction
21.2 COVID-19 Reshaped Food Procurement Globally
21.2.1 COVID-19 in Four Countries
21.2.2 The Pandemic Has Reshaped Food Retailing Globally
21.3 Case Study in Four Countries: The Comparison of How Consumers’ Food Procurement Behaviors Have Changed During the Pandemic
21.3.1 Data Collection
21.3.2 Changes in Consumers’ In-Store Food Procurement
21.3.2.1 Shopping Time
21.3.2.2 Shopping Frequency
21.3.2.3 Transport Mode
21.3.2.4 Store Type
21.3.2.5 Preventive Measures
21.3.2.6 Shopping Experiences
21.4 Study Summary
21.5 Managerial Implications
21.6 Limitations and Future Research
21.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: COVID-19 Pandemic and Agriculture: Potential Impact on Legumes and Their Economic Value Chain
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Importance of Legumes in Agriculture, Agro-processing, and the Economy
22.3 Current Performance of Grain Legumes in Agriculture
22.4 Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Legume Productivity
22.5 Effect of Pandemics on the Labor Force and Agriculture
22.6 Farmworkers and Farmers’ Preparedness for COVID-19 Outbreak
22.7 Potential Consequences of the Pandemic on Legume Improvement
22.8 Mitigation Strategies During COVID-19 Outbreak
22.9 Final Remarks and Conclusions
References
Index