Society: the basics

Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Boxes......Page 15
REVEL Boxes......Page 16
Maps......Page 17
Preface......Page 20
About the Author......Page 27
Chapter 1 Sociology: Perspective, Theory, and Method......Page 28
The Power of Society to guide our choices in marriage partners......Page 29
SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR......Page 30
SEEING THE STRANGE IN THE FAMILIAR......Page 31
SEEING SOCIETY IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES......Page 32
SEEING SOCIOLOGICALLY: MARGINALITY AND CRISIS......Page 33
THE IMPORTANCE OF A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 35
THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY......Page 36
SOCIOLOGY AND PERSONAL GROWTH......Page 38
CAREERS: THE “SOCIOLOGY ADVANTAGE”......Page 39
THE STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH......Page 40
THE SOCIAL-CONFLICT APPROACH......Page 42
RACE-CONFLICT THEORY......Page 43
1.4: Describe sociology’s three research orientations.......Page 45
POSITIVIST SOCIOLOGY......Page 47
INTERPRETIVE SOCIOLOGY......Page 49
CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY......Page 50
GENDER......Page 51
RESEARCH ETHICS......Page 52
TESTING A HYPOTHESIS: THE EXPERIMENT......Page 54
ASKING QUESTIONS: SURVEY RESEARCH......Page 55
IN THE FIELD: PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION......Page 57
USING AVAILABLE DATA: EXISTING SOURCES......Page 60
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: TEN STEPS IN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH......Page 63
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 65
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 66
Making the Grade......Page 67
Chapter 2 Culture......Page 69
The Power of Society to guide our attitudes on social issues such as abortion......Page 70
2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival.......Page 71
HOW MANY CULTURES?......Page 74
LANGUAGE......Page 75
VALUES AND BELIEFS......Page 78
IDEAL AND REAL CULTURE......Page 80
HUNTING AND GATHERING......Page 81
INDUSTRY......Page 82
HIGH CULTURE AND POPULAR CULTURE......Page 83
SUBCULTURE......Page 84
MULTICULTURALISM......Page 85
CULTURAL CHANGE......Page 88
ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM......Page 89
A GLOBAL CULTURE?......Page 91
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE......Page 92
FEMINIST THEORY: GENDER AND CULTURE......Page 93
SOCIOBIOLOGY: EVOLUTION AND CULTURE......Page 94
CULTURE AS FREEDOM......Page 95
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 96
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 97
Making the Grade......Page 98
Chapter 3 Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age......Page 100
The Power of Society to shape how much television we watch......Page 101
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: NATURE AND NURTURE......Page 102
SOCIAL ISOLATION......Page 103
SIGMUND FREUD’S ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY......Page 104
JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT......Page 105
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 106
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SOCIAL SELF......Page 107
THE FAMILY......Page 109
THE PEER GROUP......Page 111
THE MASS MEDIA......Page 112
CHILDHOOD......Page 115
ADULTHOOD......Page 116
OLD AGE......Page 117
DEATH AND DYING......Page 118
3.5: Characterize the operation of total institutions.......Page 119
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 122
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 123
Making the Grade......Page 124
Chapter 4 Social Interaction in Everyday Life......Page 126
The Power of Society to guide the way we do social networking......Page 127
4.1: Explain how social structure helps us to make sense of everyday situations.......Page 128
4.3: State the importance of role to social organization.......Page 129
ROLE SET......Page 130
4.4: Describe how we socially construct reality.......Page 131
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY......Page 133
THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA......Page 134
PERFORMANCES......Page 135
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION......Page 136
IDEALIZATION......Page 137
EMBARRASSMENT AND TACT......Page 138
EMOTIONS: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF FEELING......Page 139
LANGUAGE: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER......Page 140
REALITY PLAY: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HUMOR......Page 142
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 145
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 146
Making the Grade......Page 147
Chapter 5 Groups and Organizations......Page 149
The Power of Society to link people into groups......Page 150
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS......Page 151
GROUP CONFORMITY......Page 153
IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS......Page 155
SOCIAL DIVERSITY: RACE, CLASS, AND GENDER......Page 156
NETWORKS......Page 157
5.2: Describe the operation of large, formal organizations.......Page 158
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 159
THE INFORMAL SIDE OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 160
PROBLEMS OF BUREAUCRACY......Page 161
OLIGARCHY......Page 162
THE FIRST CHALLENGE: RACE AND GENDER......Page 163
THE THIRD CHALLENGE: THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK......Page 164
THE “MCDONALDIZATION” OF SOCIETY......Page 166
THE FUTURE OF ORGANIZATIONS: OPPOSING TRENDS......Page 167
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 169
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 170
Making the Grade......Page 171
Chapter 6 Sexuality and Society......Page 173
The Power of Society to shape our attitudes on social issues involving sexuality......Page 174
6.1: Describe how sexuality is both a biological and a cultural issue.......Page 175
SEX: A BIOLOGICAL ISSUE......Page 176
SEX: A CULTURAL ISSUE......Page 177
THE INCEST TABOO......Page 178
6.2: Explain changes in sexual attitudes in the United States.......Page 179
THE SEXUAL REVOLUTION......Page 180
THE SEXUAL COUNTERREVOLUTION......Page 181
EXTRAMARITAL SEX......Page 182
WHAT GIVES US A SEXUAL ORIENTATION?......Page 183
HOW MANY GAY PEOPLE ARE THERE?......Page 184
THE GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT......Page 185
TEEN PREGNANCY......Page 187
PORNOGRAPHY......Page 188
PROSTITUTION......Page 189
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY......Page 190
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY......Page 192
SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES......Page 193
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 197
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 198
Making the Grade......Page 199
Chapter 7 Deviance......Page 201
The Power of Society to affect the odds of being incarcerated for using drugs......Page 202
SOCIAL CONTROL......Page 203
PERSONALITY FACTORS......Page 204
THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVIANCE......Page 205
DURKHEIM’S BASIC INSIGHT......Page 206
MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY......Page 207
DEVIANT SUBCULTURES......Page 208
LABELING THEORY......Page 209
THE DIFFERENCE LABELS MAKE......Page 210
HIRSCHI’S CONTROL THEORY......Page 211
DEVIANCE AND CAPITALISM......Page 212
CORPORATE CRIME......Page 213
FEMINIST THEORY: DEVIANCE AND GENDER......Page 214
TYPES OF CRIME......Page 216
THE STREET CRIMINAL: A PROFILE......Page 217
CRIME IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 220
POLICE......Page 222
PUNISHMENT......Page 223
THE DEATH PENALTY......Page 225
COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS......Page 226
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 228
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 229
Making the Grade......Page 230
Chapter 8 Social Stratification......Page 232
The Power of Society to shape our chances of living in poverty......Page 233
8.1: Apply the concepts of caste, class, and meritocracy to societies around the world.......Page 234
THE CASTE SYSTEM......Page 235
THE CLASS SYSTEM......Page 236
CASTE AND CLASS: THE UNITED KINGDOM......Page 238
CLASSLESS SOCIETIES? THE FORMER SOVIET UNION......Page 239
CHINA: EMERGING SOCIAL CLASSES......Page 240
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE DAVIS-MOORE THESIS......Page 242
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORIES: KARL MARX AND MAX WEBER......Page 244
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: STRATIFICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE......Page 247
THE KUZNETS CURVE......Page 248
INCOME, WEALTH, AND POWER......Page 250
OCCUPATIONAL PRESTIGE......Page 251
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 252
THE DIFFERENCE CLASS MAKES......Page 255
RESEARCH ON MOBILITY......Page 257
MOBILITY AND MARRIAGE......Page 260
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND THE U.S. CLASS STRUCTURE......Page 261
WHO ARE THE POOR?......Page 262
EXPLAINING POVERTY......Page 263
HOMELESSNESS......Page 265
ARE THE VERY RICH WORTH THE MONEY?......Page 267
CAN THE REST OF US GET AHEAD?......Page 268
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 269
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 270
Making the Grade......Page 271
Chapter 9 Global Stratification......Page 273
The Power of Society to determine a child’s chance of survival to age five......Page 274
A WORD ABOUT TERMINOLOGY......Page 276
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 277
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 279
9.2: Discuss patterns and explanations of poverty around the world.......Page 280
The Severity of Poverty......Page 281
The Extent of Poverty......Page 282
Poverty and Children......Page 283
Slavery......Page 284
9.3: Apply sociological theories to the topic of global inequality.......Page 286
MODERNIZATION THEORY......Page 287
DEPENDENCY THEORY......Page 289
THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION......Page 292
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 294
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 295
Making the Grade......Page 296
Chapter 10 Gender Stratification......Page 298
The Power of Society to guide our life choices......Page 299
MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES......Page 300
GENDER IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 301
PATRIARCHY AND SEXISM......Page 302
GENDER AND THE FAMILY......Page 304
GENDER AND THE MASS MEDIA......Page 305
10.3: Analyze the extent of gender inequality in various social institutions.......Page 306
WORKING WOMEN AND MEN......Page 307
GENDER, INCOME, AND WEALTH......Page 308
GENDER AND EDUCATION......Page 309
GENDER AND POLITICS......Page 310
GENDER AND THE MILITARY......Page 311
VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN......Page 312
SEXUAL HARASSMENT......Page 313
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY......Page 315
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY......Page 316
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY......Page 317
INTERSECTION THEORY......Page 318
BASIC FEMINIST IDEAS......Page 319
TYPES OF FEMINISM......Page 320
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR FEMINISM......Page 321
GENDER: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 322
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 323
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 324
Making the Grade......Page 325
Chapter 11 Race and Ethnicity......Page 327
The Power of Society to shape political attitudes......Page 328
RACE......Page 329
ETHNICITY......Page 331
MINORITIES......Page 332
11.2: Describe the extent and causes of prejudice.......Page 333
MEASURING PREJUDICE: THE SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE......Page 335
THEORIES OF PREJUDICE......Page 336
11.3: Distinguish discrimination from prejudice.......Page 337
PLURALISM......Page 338
SEGREGATION......Page 339
11.5: Assess the social standing of racial and ethnic categories of U.S. society.......Page 340
NATIVE AMERICANS......Page 341
AFRICAN AMERICANS......Page 343
ASIAN AMERICANS......Page 345
HISPANIC AMERICANS/LATINOS......Page 349
ARAB AMERICANS......Page 350
WHITE ETHNIC AMERICANS......Page 351
RACE AND ETHNICITY: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 352
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 354
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 355
Making the Grade......Page 356
Chapter 12 Economics and Politics......Page 358
The Power of Society to shape our choices in jobs......Page 359
12.1: Summarize historical changes to the economy.......Page 360
THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION AND POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY......Page 361
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY......Page 362
CAPITALISM......Page 364
SOCIALISM......Page 365
RELATIVE ADVANTAGES OF CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM......Page 366
12.2: Analyze patterns of employment and unemployment in the United States.......Page 367
LABOR UNIONS......Page 368
PROFESSIONS......Page 369
UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT......Page 371
THE “JOBLESS RECOVERY”......Page 372
NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND WORK......Page 373
CORPORATIONS: ARE THEY COMPETITIVE?......Page 375
THE ECONOMY: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 376
MONARCHY......Page 377
DEMOCRACY......Page 378
TOTALITARIANISM......Page 380
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM......Page 381
SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS......Page 383
SHOULD CONVICTED CRIMINALS VOTE?......Page 385
THE POWER-ELITE MODEL: A FEW PEOPLE RULE......Page 386
THE MARXIST MODEL: THE SYSTEM IS BIASED......Page 387
REVOLUTION......Page 388
TERRORISM......Page 389
SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER, AND THE MILITARY......Page 390
THE COSTS AND CAUSES OF MILITARISM......Page 392
PURSUING PEACE......Page 393
POLITICS: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 394
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 396
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 397
Making the Grade......Page 398
Chapter 13 Family and Religion......Page 400
The Power of Society to shape our values and beliefs......Page 401
13.1: Understand families and how they differ around the world.......Page 402
MARRIAGE PATTERNS......Page 403
PATTERNS OF DESCENT......Page 404
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY......Page 405
MICRO-LEVEL THEORIES: CONSTRUCTING FAMILY LIFE......Page 406
COURTSHIP AND ROMANTIC LOVE......Page 407
THE FAMILY IN LATER LIFE......Page 409
CHILD REARING......Page 408
U.S. FAMILIES: CLASS, RACE, AND GENDER......Page 410
DIVORCE......Page 413
REMARRIAGE AND BLENDED FAMILIES......Page 415
ONE-PARENT FAMILIES......Page 416
GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES......Page 417
EXTENDED FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS......Page 418
FAMILIES: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 419
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION......Page 421
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: CONSTRUCTING THE SACRED......Page 422
FEMINIST THEORY: GENDER AND RELIGION......Page 423
LIBERATION THEOLOGY......Page 424
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: CHURCH, SECT, AND CULT......Page 425
RELIGION IN HISTORY......Page 426
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION......Page 427
RELIGIOSITY......Page 429
RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY: CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND RACE......Page 430
SECULARIZATION......Page 431
“NEW AGE” SEEKERS: SPIRITUALITY WITHOUT FORMAL RELIGION......Page 432
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL: “GOOD OLD-TIME RELIGION”......Page 433
RELIGION: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 434
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 436
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 437
Making the Grade......Page 438
Chapter 14 Education, Health, and Medicine......Page 440
The Power of Society to open the door to college......Page 441
SCHOOLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT......Page 442
SCHOOLING IN JAPAN......Page 443
SCHOOLING IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 444
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: THE FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOLING......Page 445
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY......Page 446
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: SCHOOLING AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY......Page 447
STUDENT PASSIVITY......Page 452
DROPPING OUT......Page 453
SCHOOL CHOICE......Page 454
ADULT EDUCATION......Page 456
SCHOOLING: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 457
HEALTH IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES......Page 459
Health in the United States: Age, Gender, Class, and Race......Page 460
CIGARETTE SMOKING......Page 462
OBESITY......Page 463
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES......Page 464
ETHICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING DEATH......Page 467
HOLISTIC MEDICINE......Page 468
Paying for Medical Care: A Global Survey......Page 469
Paying for Medical Care: The United States......Page 470
The Nursing Shortage......Page 471
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: ROLE ANALYSIS......Page 472
SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION THEORY: THE MEANING OF HEALTH......Page 473
SOCIAL-CONFLICT AND FEMINIST THEORIES: INEQUALITY AND HEALTH......Page 474
HEALTH AND MEDICINE: LOOKING AHEAD......Page 475
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 477
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 478
Making the Grade......Page 479
Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and Environment......Page 481
The Power of Society to shape our view of global warming......Page 482
FERTILITY......Page 483
MORTALITY......Page 484
MIGRATION......Page 485
POPULATION GROWTH......Page 486
15.2: Analyze population trends using Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory.......Page 487
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY......Page 488
GLOBAL POPULATION TODAY: A BRIEF SURVEY......Page 489
15.3: Summarize patterns of urbanization in the United States and around the world.......Page 490
THE GROWTH OF U.S. CITIES......Page 491
POSTINDUSTRIAL SUNBELT CITIES......Page 492
EDGE CITIES......Page 493
15.4: Identify the contributions of Tönnies, Durkheim, Simmel, Park, Wirth, and Marx to our understanding of urban life.......Page 494
GEORG SIMMEL: THE BLASÉ URBANITE......Page 495
URBAN ECOLOGY......Page 496
URBAN POLITICAL ECONOMY......Page 497
15.5: Describe the third urban revolution now under way in poor societies.......Page 498
THE GLOBAL DIMENSION......Page 499
CULTURE: GROWTH AND LIMITS......Page 500
SOLID WASTE: THE DISPOSABLE SOCIETY......Page 501
WATER AND AIR......Page 503
THE RAIN FORESTS......Page 504
DECLINING BIODIVERSITY......Page 505
ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM......Page 506
TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY AND WORLD......Page 507
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 509
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 510
Making the Grade......Page 511
Chapter 16 Social Change: Modern and Postmodern Societies......Page 513
The Power of Society to encourage or discourage participation in social movements......Page 514
16.1: State four defining characteristics of social change.......Page 515
CULTURE AND CHANGE......Page 516
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND CHANGE......Page 517
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND CHANGE......Page 519
DISASTERS: UNEXPECTED CHANGE......Page 521
16.3: Apply the ideas of Tönnies, Durkheim, Weber, and Marx to our understanding of modernity.......Page 522
FERDINAND TÖNNIES: THE LOSS OF COMMUNITY......Page 524
EMILE DURKHEIM: THE DIVISION OF LABOR......Page 526
MAX WEBER: RATIONALIZATION......Page 527
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY: MODERNITY AS MASS SOCIETY......Page 528
SOCIAL-CONFLICT THEORY: MODERNITY AS CLASS SOCIETY......Page 530
MODERNITY AND THE INDIVIDUAL......Page 531
MODERNITY: GLOBAL VARIATION......Page 533
16.5: Discuss postmodernism as one type of social criticism.......Page 535
16.6: Evaluate possible directions of future social change.......Page 536
Seeing Sociology in Everyday Life......Page 537
Seeing Sociology in Your Everyday Life......Page 538
Making the Grade......Page 539
Glossary......Page 541
References......Page 547
Credits......Page 571
C......Page 578
G......Page 579
L......Page 580
O......Page 581
S......Page 582
Z......Page 583
C......Page 584
D......Page 585
F......Page 586
H......Page 587
M......Page 588
P......Page 589
S......Page 590
W......Page 592
Z......Page 593