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Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control

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SMART HYBRID AC/DC MICROGRIDS

Addresses the technical aspects and implementation challenges of smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids

Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control provides comprehensive coverage of interconnected smart hybrid microgrids, their different structures, and the technical issues associated with their control and implementation in the next generation of smart grids. This authoritative single-volume resource addresses smart hybrid microgrids??? power management, energy management, communications, power converter control, power quality, renewable generation integration, energy storage, and more.

The book contains both basic and advanced technical information about smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids, featuring a detailed discussion of microgrid structures, communication technologies, and various configurations of interfacing power converters and control strategies. Numerous case studies highlight effective solutions for critical issues in hybrid microgrid operation, control and power quality compensation throughout the text. Topics include control strategies of renewable energy and energy storage interfacing converters in hybrid microgrids, supervisory control strategies of interfacing power converters for microgrid power management and energy microgrid, and smart interfacing power converters for power quality control. This volume:

  • Includes a thorough overview of hybrid AC/DC microgrid concepts, structures, and applications
  • Discusses communication and security enhancement techniques for guarding against cyberattacks
  • Provides detailed controls of smart interfacing power electronics converters from distributed generations and energy storage systems in hybrid AC/DC microgrids
  • Provides details on transient and steady-state power management systems in microgrids
  • Discusses energy management systems, hierarchical control, multi-agent control, and advanced distribution management control of smart microgrids
  • Identifies opportunities to control power quality with smart interfacing power electronic converters
  • Addresses power quality issues in the context of real-world applications in data centers, electric railway systems, and electric vehicle charging stations

Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control is a valuable source of up-to-date information for senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as academic researchers and industry engineers in the areas of renewable energy, smart grids, microgrids, and power electronics.

Author(s): Farzam Nejabatkhah, Hao Tian, Yunwei Ryan Li
Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 418
City: Chichester

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
Part I Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
Chapter 1 Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
1.1 Introduction to Microgrids
1.1.1 Concept of Microgrids
1.1.2 Development of Microgrids
1.1.3 Features of Modern Microgrids
1.2 Smart Hybrid Microgrid Configurations
1.2.1 AC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
1.2.2 DC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
1.2.3 AC‐DC‐Coupled Hybrid Microgrid
1.2.4 Examples of Hybrid Microgrids
1.3 Smart Hybrid Microgrid Operations
1.3.1 Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Systems
1.3.2 Smart Interfacing Converters
1.3.3 Cyber Systems
1.3.4 Power Management and Energy Management Systems
1.3.5 Power Quality
1.4 Outline of the Book
References
Chapter 2 Renewable Energy, Energy Storage, and Smart Interfacing Power Converters
2.1 Renewable‐based Generation
2.1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Power Systems
2.1.2 Wind Power Systems
2.2 Energy Storage Systems
2.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System
2.2.2 Flywheel Energy Storage System
2.2.3 Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System
2.2.4 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Energy Storage
2.3 Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage
2.3.1 Structure of Smart Interfacing Converters (IFCs)
2.3.2 Operation and Coordination
2.4 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Smart Microgrid Communications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Communication Technique for Smart Microgrids
3.2.1 Basic Concepts of Communication Systems
3.2.2 Structures of Communication Networks in Smart Microgrids
3.2.3 Requirements of Communication in Smart Microgrids
3.2.4 Wired Communication Technologies in a Microgrid
3.2.5 Wireless Communication Technologies
3.3 Standards and Protocols in Smart Microgrids
3.3.1 Standards and Protocols for General Communication
3.3.2 Standards and Protocols for Substation Automation
3.3.3 Standards and Protocols for Control Center and Wide Area Monitoring
3.3.4 Standards and Protocols for Distributed Generation and Demand Response
3.3.5 Standards and Protocols for Metering
3.3.6 Standards and Protocols for Electric Vehicle Charging
3.4 Network Cyber‐security
3.5 Summary
References
Part II Power Management Systems (PMSs) and Energy Management Systems (EMSs)
Chapter 4 Smart Interfacing Power Electronics Converter Control
4.1 Primary Control of Power Electronics Converters
4.1.1 Basic Control Techniques in Power Converters
4.1.2 Current Control Method
4.1.3 Voltage Control Method
4.2 Virtual Impedance Control of Power Electronic Converters
4.2.1 Internal Virtual Impedance
4.2.2 External Virtual Impedance
4.2.3 Integration of both Internal and External Virtual Impedance
4.3 Droop Control of Power Electronics Converters
4.3.1 Frequency and Voltage Droop Control in an AC Subgrid
4.3.2 Voltage Droop Control in DC Subgrids
4.3.3 Unified Droop for Interlinking AC and DC Subgrids
4.3.4 Challenges of Droop Control and Solutions
4.4 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) Control of Interfacing Power Electronics Converters
4.4.1 Principles of VSG Control
4.4.2 Implementation of VSG Control
4.4.3 Relationship Between Droop Control and VSG Control
4.5 Unified Control of Power Electronics Converters
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Power Management System (PMS) in Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hierarchical Control of Hybrid Microgrids
5.3 Power Management Systems (PMSs) in Different Structures of Hybrid Microgrids
5.3.1 PMS of an AC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.3.2 PMS of a DC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.3.3 PMS of an AC-DC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.4 Power Management Strategies During Transitions and Different Loading Conditions
5.4.1 PMS During Transition Between Grid‐Connected and Islanding Operation Modes
5.4.2 Power Management Strategies Under Different Loading Conditions
5.5 Implemented Examples of Power Management Systems in Hybrid Microgrids
5.5.1 PMS Example of an AC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.5.2 PMS Example of a DC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.5.3 PMS Example of an AC-DC‐coupled Hybrid Microgrid
5.6 Black Start in Hybrid Microgrids
5.6.1 General Requirements of Black Start in Microgrids
5.6.2 Microgrid Black Start Scheme
5.6.3 Main Issues and Related Measures of Black Starts in Microgrids
5.7 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Energy Management System (EMS) in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
6.1 Energy Management in Hierarchical Control of Microgrids
6.1.1 Hierarchical Control
6.1.2 Energy Management System
6.1.3 Communications in an Energy Management System
6.2 Multi‐agent Control Strategy of Microgrids
6.3 Advance Distribution Management Systems (ADMSs) in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
6.3.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
6.3.2 Geographic Information Systems (GISs)
6.3.3 Distribution Management System (DMS)
6.3.4 Automated Meter Reading/Automatic Metering Infrastructure (AMR/AMI)
6.3.5 Outage Management Systems (OMSs)
6.3.6 Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS)
6.4 Cyber‐security in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
6.4.1 Different Types of Cyber-security Violations
6.4.2 Impacts of Cyber‐security Violations on Smart Microgrids
6.4.3 Construction of Cyber‐security Violations in Smart Microgrids
6.4.4 Defensive Strategies Against Cyber‐attacks
6.4.5 Case Study Example: Cyber‐security Violations in Power Electronics‐intensive DC Microgrids
6.4.6 Future Trends of Microgrid Cyber‐security
6.5 Summary
References
Part III Power Quality Issues and Control in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
Chapter 7 Overview of Power Quality in Microgrids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Power Quality Disturbances
7.2.1 Transients
7.2.2 Short Duration Variations
7.2.3 Long Duration Variations
7.2.4 Voltage Fluctuations
7.2.5 Voltage Imbalance
7.2.6 Power Frequency Variations
7.2.7 Waveform Distortion
7.3 Overview of Power Quality Standards
7.4 Mitigation Techniques of Power Quality Problems
7.4.1 Passive Mitigation Solutions
7.4.2 Active Mitigation Solutions
7.5 Power Quality Issues and Compensation in Microgrids
7.5.1 Power Quality Issues in an AC Microgrid
7.5.2 Power Quality in a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Smart Microgrid Control During Grid Disturbances
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Islanding Detection
8.2.1 Local Islanding Detection Methods
8.2.2 Remote Islanding Detection Methods
8.2.3 Signal Processing Techniques Used in Islanding Detection
8.2.4 Intelligent Techniques Used in Islanding Detection
8.3 Fault Ride‐through Capability
8.3.1 Fault Ride‐through Requirement
8.3.2 Ride‐through Enhancement
8.4 Fault Current Contribution and Protection Coordination
8.4.1 Impact of DG on Fuse‐recloser Coordination
8.4.2 Impact of Reactive Power Injection on Fuse‐recloser Coordination
8.4.3 Example of Inverter Current Control Strategy under RT
8.5 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Unbalanced Voltage Compensation in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Control of Individual Three‐phase IFCs for Unbalanced Voltage Compensation
9.2.1 Three‐phase IFC Model under Unbalanced Voltage
9.2.2 Control of Unbalanced Voltage Adverse Effects on IFC Operation
9.2.3 Adjustable Unbalanced Voltage Compensation with IFC Active Power Oscillation Minimization
9.3 Control of Parallel Three‐phase IFCs for Unbalance Voltage Compensation
9.3.1 Parallel Three‐phase IFCs Model under Unbalanced Voltage
9.3.2 Parallel Three‐phase IFCs Control under Unbalanced Voltage: Redundant IFC for ΔP Cancelation
9.3.3 Parallel Three‐phase IFCs Control under Unbalanced Voltage: All Parallel IFCs Participate in ΔP Cancelation
9.4 Control of Single‐phase IFCs for Three‐phase System Unbalanced Voltage Compensation
9.4.1 System Model with Embedded Single‐phase IFCs under Three‐phase Unbalanced Voltage
9.4.2 Reactive Power Control of Single‐phase IFCs for Three‐phase AC Subgrid Unbalanced Voltage Compensation
9.5 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Harmonic Compensation Control in Smart Hybrid Microgrids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Control of Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonic Compensation in AC Subgrids
10.2.1 Harmonics Compensation with the Current Control Method (CCM)
10.2.2 Harmonics Compensation with the Voltage Control Method (VCM)
10.2.3 Harmonics Compensation with the Hybrid Control Method (HCM)
10.2.4 Comparison of Harmonics Compensation with the CCM, the VCM, and the HCM
10.3 Control of Low‐switching Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation in an AC Subgrid
10.3.1 Low‐switching Interfacing Converters Sampling Methods
10.3.2 Control of Low‐switching IFCs for Harmonics Compensation with Feed‐forward Strategy
10.4 Control of Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid
10.4.1 Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid Using DC/AC Interlinking Power Converters
10.4.2 Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid Using DC/DC Interfacing Power Converters
10.5 Coordinated Control of Multiple Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation
10.5.1 Autonomous Harmonic Control
10.5.2 Supervisory Harmonic Control
10.6 Summary
References
A Instantaneous Power Theory from Three‐phase and Single‐phase System Perspectives
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Principles of Instantaneous Power Theory
A.3 Power Control Using Instantaneous Power Theory from a Three‐phase System Perspective
A.3.1 Reference Current Focusing on Unbalanced Condition Compensation
A.3.2 Reference Current Focusing on Active and Reactive Power Oscillation Cancelation
A.4 Power Control Using Instantaneous Power Theory from a Single‐phase System Perspective
A.5 Discussion
A.5.1 Example 1: Only Positive Sequence Active Current Injection
A.5.2 Example 2: Only Negative Sequence Active Current Injection
A.6 Summary
References
B Peak Current of Interfacing Power Converters Under Unbalanced Voltage
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Peak Currents of Interfacing Converters
B.2.1 Individual Interfacing Converters
B.2.2 Parallel Interfacing Converters
B.3 Maximizing Power/Current Transfer Capability of Interfacing Converters
B.3.1 Individual IFCs Peak Currents in the Same Phase as the Collective Peak Current of Parallel IFCs
B.3.2 Individual IFCs Peak Currents In‐phase with the Collective Peak Current of Parallel IFCs
B.4 Summary
References
C Case Study System Parameters
Index
EULA