Smart Grids for Smart Cities, Volume 1: Real-Time Applications in Smart Cities

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Carbon-Free Fuel and the Social Gap: The Analysis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Study Areas
1.3.1 Community A
1.3.2 Community B
1.3.3 Community C
1.3.4 Community D
1.4 Data Collection
1.5 Data Analysis
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Opportunities of Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging Through Energy Management Systems in DC Microgrid
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Telecom Sector in India
2.1.2 Overview of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.1.3 Electric Vehicle in India
2.1.4 Evolution of EV Charging Station
2.2 Translating Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging
2.2.1 Mobile Base Transceiver Station (BTS) for EV Charging – A Substitute or Complementary Solution?
2.2.2 Proposed Methodology
2.2.3 System Description
2.2.3.1 Solar PV Array
2.2.3.2 DC-DC Boost Converter
2.2.3.3 Rectifier
2.2.3.4 Battery Backup System
2.2.3.5 Charge Controller
2.2.3.6 Bidirectional Converter
2.3 Implementation of Energy Management System in Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Control Strategies
2.3.2.1 MPPT Control
2.3.2.2 Charge Controller Control
2.3.2.3 Bidirectional Converter Control
2.3.3 Power Supervisory and Control Algorithm (PSCA)
2.3.3.1 Grid Available Mode
2.3.3.2 Grid Fault Mode
2.3.4 Results and Discussions
2.3.4.1 Grid Available Mode
2.3.4.2 Grid Failure Mode
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 A Review on Advanced Control Techniques for Multi-Input Power Converters for Various Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Multi-Input Magnetically Connected Power Converters
3.2.1 Dual-Source Power DC to DC Converter with Buck-Boost Arrangement
3.2.2 Bidirectional Multi-Input Arrangement
3.2.3 Full-Bridge Boost DC-DC Converter Formation
3.2.4 Multi-Input Power Converter with Half-Bridge and Full Bridge Configuration
3.3 Electrically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC-DC Converters
3.3.1 Combination of Electrically Linked Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
3.3.2 Multi-Input Power Converters in Series or Parallel Connection
3.3.3 Multi-Input DC/DC Fundamental Power Converters
3.3.4 Multiple-Input Boost Converter for RES
3.3.5 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
3.3.6 Multi-Input Buck-Boost/Buck/Boost-Boost Based Converter
3.3.7 Multi-Input DC/DC Converter Using ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching)
3.3.8 Multi-Input DC-DC Converter Based Three Switches Leg
3.3.9 Multi-Input Converter Constructed on Switched Inductor/Switched Capacitor/Diode Capacitor
3.3.10 High/Modular VTR Multi-Input Converters
3.3.11 Multi/Input and Multi/Output (MIMO) Power Converter
3.4 Electro Magnetically Coupled Multi-Input Power DC/DC Converters
3.4.1 Direct Charge Multi-Input DC/DC Power Converter
3.4.2 Boost-Integrated Full-Bridge DC-DC Power Converter
3.4.3 Isolated Dual-Port Power Converter for Immediate Power Management
3.4.4 Dual Port Converter with Non-Isolated and Isolated Ports
3.4.5 Multi-Port ZVS And ZCS DC-DC Converter
3.4.6 Combined DC-Link and Magnetically Coupled DC/DC Power Converter
3.4.7 Three-Level Dual-Input DC-DC Converter
3.4.8 Half-Bridge Tri-Modal DC-DC Converter
3.4.9 Bidirectional Converter with Various Collective Battery Storage Input Sources
3.5 Different Control Methods Used in Multi-Input DC-DC Power Converters
3.5.1 Proportional Integral Derivation Controller (PID)
3.5.2 Model Predictive Control Method (MPC)
3.5.3 State Space Modelling (SSM)
3.5.4 Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC)
3.5.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC)
3.6 Comparison and Future Scope of Work
3.6.1 Comparison and Discussion
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Case Study: Optimized LT Cable Sizing for an IT Campus
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Algorithm for Cable Sizing
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 Feeder Schedule
4.3.2 Design Consideration for LT Power Cable
4.3.3 Cable Sizing & Voltage Drop Calculation
4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Advanced Control Architecture for Interlinking Converter in Autonomous AC, DC and Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grids
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prototype Model of IC
5.3 Implemented Photo Voltaic System
5.4 Highly Reliable and Efficient (HRE) Configurations
5.5 MATLAB Simulink Results
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Optimal Power Flow Analysis in Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 System Development and Design Parameters
6.3 Proposed Algorithm
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Reliability Assessment for Solar and Wind Renewable Energy in Generation System Planning
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Generation & Load Model
7.2.1 Generation Model-RBTS
7.2.2 Wind Power Generation Model
7.2.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Turbine Output Model
7.2.3 Solar Power Generation Model
7.2.3.1 Solar Radiation and Solar Power Output Model
7.2.4 Load Model
7.3 Results and Analysis
7.3.1 Reliability Indices Evaluation for Different Scenario
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Implementation of Savonius Blad Wind Tree Structure by Super Lift Luo Converter for Smart Grid Applications and Benefits to Smart City
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Savonius Wind Turbine – Performance Design
8.3 Design Modules
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.5 Positive Output Super Lift Luo Converter
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Analysis: An Incorporation of PV and Battery for DC Scattered System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System
9.2.1 Determine the Load Profile
9.2.2 Duration of Autonomy and Recharge
9.2.3 Select the Battery Rating
9.2.4 Sizing the PV Array
9.2.5 Analysis of Boost Converter
9.2.5.1 To Select a Proper Inductor Value
9.2.5.2 To Select a Proper Capacitor Value
9.3 Proposed System Simulations
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Dead Time Compensation Scheme Using Space Vector PWM for 3Ø Inverter
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concept of Space Vector PWM
10.3 Proteus Simulation
10.4 Hardware Setup
10.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion
10.4.2 Hardware Configuration
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Transformer-Less Grid Connected PV System Using TSRPWM Strategy with Single Phase 7 Level Multi-Level Inverter
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Proposed System
11.3 DC-DC Influence Converter
11.4 Controlling of 7-Level Inverter
11.5 Controlling for Boost Converter and Inverter
11.6 MATLAB Simulation Results
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 An Enhanced Multi-Level Inverter Topology for HEV Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 E-MLI Topology
12.2.1 Switching Operation of the E-MLI Topology
12.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multi-Level Inverter (DC-MLI)
12.3 PWM for the E-MLI Topology
12.3.1 SPWM Based Switching for the E-MLI Topology
12.3.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Scheme for DC-MLI
12.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm-Based Optimal Pricing of RP
13.1 Introduction
13.2 RP Flow Tracing
13.2.1 Intent Function
13.2.1.1 System’s Price Loss After RP Compensation
13.2.1.2 SVC Support Price for RP
13.2.1.3 Diesel Generator RP Production Price
13.2.1.4 Minimization Function
13.3 Existing Methodologies
13.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
13.3.1.1 PSO Parameter Settings
13.3.2 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO)
13.3.2.1 Flowchart for HPSO
13.4 Proposed Methodology
13.4.1 Improved Sheep Flock Heredity Algorithm
13.4.2 ISFHA Algorithm
13.5 Case Study
13.5.1 Realistic Seventy-Five Bus Indian System Wind Farm
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Dual Axis Solar Tracking with Weather Monitoring System by Using IR and LDR Sensors with Arduino UNO
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Associated Hardware Components Details
14.2.1 Arduino Uno
14.2.2 L293D Motor Driver
14.2.3 LDR Sensor
14.2.4 Solar Panel
14.2.5 RPM 10 Motor
14.2.6 Jumper Wires
14.2.7 16×2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Module with I2C
14.2.8 DTH11 Sensor
14.2.9 Rain Drop Sensor
14.3 Methodology
14.3.1 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Working Model
14.3.2 Dual Axis Solar Tracking System Schematic Diagram
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Missing Data Imputation of an Off-Grid Solar Power Model for a Small-Scale System
Abbreviations and Nomenclature
15.1 Overview
15.2 Literature Review
15.3 AI/ML for Imputation of Missing Values
15.3.1 CBR
15.3.2 MICE
15.3.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.3.1 Data Collection
15.3.3.2 Error Metrics
15.3.3.3 Comparison Between CBR and MICE
15.4 Applications of MICE in Imputation
15.5 Summary
References
Chapter 16 Power Theft in Smart Grids and Microgrids: Mini Review
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Smart Grids/Microgrids Security Threats and Challenges
16.2.1 Security Threats to Smart Grid/Microgrid by Classification of Sources
16.2.1.1 Smart Grid/Microgrid Threats Sources in Technical Point of View
16.2.2 Sources of Smart Grids/Microgrids Threats in Non-Technical Point of View
16.2.2.1 Security of Environment
16.2.2.2 Regulatory Policies of Government
16.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Isolated SEPIC-Based DC-DC Converter for Solar Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Converter Operation and Analysis
17.2.1 Mode A
17.2.2 Mode B
17.3 Design Equations
17.4 Simulation Results
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Hybrid Converter for Stand-Alone Solar Photovoltaic System
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Review on Converter Topology
18.3 Block Diagram
18.4 Existing Converter Topology
18.5 Proposed Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
18.5.1 Novelty in the Circuit
18.5.2 Converter Modes of Operation
18.6 Derivation Part of Tapped Boost Hybrid Converter
18.6.1 Voltage Gain
18.6.2 Modulation Index
18.7 Design Specification of the Converter
18.8 Simulation Results for Both DC and AC Power Conversion
18.9 Hardware Results
18.10 TBHC Parameters for Simulation
18.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Analysis of Three-Phase Quasi Switched Boost Inverter Based on Switched Inductor-Switched Capacitor Structure
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Conventional Inverter (VSI)
19.1.2 Z-Source Inverter (ZSI)
19.1.3 SBI Based on SL-SC Structure
19.2 Working Modes of Three-Phase SL-SC Circuit
19.2.1 Shoot-Through State
19.2.2 Non-Shoot-Through State
19.3 Design of Three-Phase SL-SC Based Quasi Switched Boost Inverter
19.3.1 Steady State Analysis of SL-SC Topology
19.3.2 Design of Passive Elements
19.3.3 Design Equations
19.3.4 Design Specifications
19.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
19.4.1 Simulation Diagram of SBC PWM Technique
19.4.2 SBC PWM Technique
19.4.3 Switching Pulse Generated for the Power Switches
19.4.4 Expanded Switching Pulse
19.4.5 Input Current
19.4.6 Current in Inductor L1
19.4.7 Current in Inductor L2
19.4.8 Capacitor Voltage VC2
19.4.9 DC Link Voltage
19.4.10 Output Load Voltage
19.4.11 Output Load Current
19.5 Performance Analysis
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Power Quality Improvement and Performance Enhancement of Distribution System Using D-STATCOM
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM)
20.3 Modelling of Distribution System
20.3.1 Single Machine System
20.3.2 Modeling of IEEE 14 Bus System
20.4 Simulation Results & Discussions
20.4.1 Power Flow Analysis on Single Machine System
20.4.2 Different Modes of Operation of D-STATCOM on Single Machine System
20.4.3 Step Change in Reference Value of DC Link Voltage
20.5 IEEE-14 Bus Systems
20.6 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA