Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart grids and microgrids for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals.
The power supply is one of the most important issues of our time. In every country, all over the world, from refrigerators to coffee makers to heating and cooling, almost everyone in the world needs to have access to power. As the global demand rises, new methods of delivering power, such as smart grids and microgrids, have, out of necessity or choice, been developed and researched.
In this book, modern and advanced concepts of both microgrid and smart grid technology are introduced. Beginning from the brief fundamental concepts of microgrids and its various constituents this team of experts discusses different architectures, control issues, communication challenges, measurement, stability, power quality and mitigation, protection, and power electronic aspects of the microgrid system. Through this book, tools and techniques needed to design both microgrids and smart grids are discussed.
Recent and developing topics like smart meter impact, remote data monitoring, communication protocols, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, and many others are covered. Furthermore, this new volume also covers simulation and stability analysis tools pertaining to microgrids and smart grids. Throughout the book, detailed examples of microgrid and smart grid design and development strategies are provided, based on different constraints and requirements. Case studies, numerical models, and design examples are also included. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this is a must-have volume for any library.
Audience: Engineers, scientists, industry professionals, students, and other lay people involved in the business of smart grids and microgrids
Author(s): Prajof Prabhakaran, Umashankar Subramaniam, S. Mohan Krishna, J. L. Febin Daya, P. V. Brijesh
Publisher: Wiley-Scrivener
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 380
City: Beverly
Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition
Nomenclature
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV
1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh
1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature
1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point
1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation
1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique
1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method
1.4 Results and Discussion
1.4.1 Simulation Results
1.4.2 Experimental Results
1.4.3 Comparative Analysis
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Energy Storage System in Microgrid
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies
2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies
2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid
2.4.1 DC-DC Converter
2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier
2.4.3 AC-AC Converter
2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters
2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid
2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter
2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid
2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI
2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background and Motivation
3.1.2 Literature Review
3.1.3 Organization of the Paper
3.2 Application of the Technique
3.2.1 Economic Evaluation
3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories
3.3 Result Analysis
3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy
3.3.2 Reduction in CO
Emissions
3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs
3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature
3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP)
3.3.6 Estimation of DPP
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background
4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network
4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System
4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study
4.5 Results and Discussions
4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers
4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers
4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices
4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network
4.6 Conclusion
Nomenclature
Appendix
References
5 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microgrid Control
5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy
5.3.1 Primary Control
5.3.2 Secondary Control
5.3.3 Tertiary Control
5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods
5.4 Control Techniques
5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control
5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control
5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods
5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques
5.5 Stability of Microgrids
5.5.1 Stability Classification
5.5.2 Power Balance Stability
5.5.3 Control System Stability
5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description
6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling
6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS)
6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units
6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs
6.4 PEVs Control Strategy
6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion
6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1
6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy
7.3 Hydro Energy
7.4 Solar Power
7.5 Wind Energy
7.6 Geothermal Energy
7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids
Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgement
References
8 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies
8.1.2 Why Smart Grid
8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation
8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation
8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies
8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR)
8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM)
8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS)
8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics
8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration
8.2.8 Microgrid
8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems
8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems
8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)
8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT)
8.2.13 Cyber Security
8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs
8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation
8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs
8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid
8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India
8.5 Summary
References
9 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid
9.1 Introduction
9.2 System Description
9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller
9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System
9.5 Online Monitoring System
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology
10.2.1 Microgrid
10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation
10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow
10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology
10.3.1 Smart Grid
10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids?
10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids
10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid
10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs
10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India
10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India
10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids
10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids
10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India
10.7.4 Future Directions
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 DC-DC Converters
11.2.1 Buck Converter
11.2.2 Boost Converter
11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter
11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers)
11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR)
11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR)
11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier
11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs)
11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters)
11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI)
11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter
11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters
11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters
11.5 AC-AC Converters
11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller
11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter
11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters
11.6.1 MATLAB
11.6.2 PSPICE
11.6.3 PLECS
11.6.4 SABER
References
12 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables
12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault
12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault
12.2.3 Earth Fault
12.3 Fault Location Methods
12.3.1 Online Method
12.3.2 Offline Method
12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test
12.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test
12.3.2.3 Cable Thumping
12.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer
12.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods
12.4 Internet of Things
12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT
12.6 Conclusion
Annexure
References
13 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background of Power Grid
13.3 India’s Current Situation
13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid
13.5 The Smart Grid
13.6 Smart Grid Components
13.6.1 Smart Meter
13.6.2 Distribution Automation
13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response
13.6.4 Demand Side Management
13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment
13.6.6 Transmission Automation
13.6.7 Vehicle Electric
13.6.8 Electric Storage
13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy
13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers
13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative
13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies
13.9.1 Power System Planning
13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization
13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations
13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids
13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach
13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps
13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function
13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality
13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response
13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods
13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
14 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development
14.2.1 Microgrid
14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System
14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG)
14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System
14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid
14.2.2 Smart Grid
14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter
14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors
14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET)
14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid
14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid
14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid
14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid
14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid
14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends
14.4.1 Solutions
14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid
14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies
14.7 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Index
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