Smart Electrical Grid System: Design Principle, Modernization, and Techniques

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Internet of Things Based Modernization of Smart Electrical Grid
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Pros of Smart Electrical Grid (SEG)
1.3 Existing System
1.4 Research Gaps
1.5 Proposed System
1.6 Methodology
1.6.1 Framework
1.6.2 Component Requirement Analysis
1.7 Implementation
1.8 Functional Requirements
1.9 Results and Discussion
1.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Role of Non-Conventional Energy Resources in Today’s Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Power Plants
2.2.1 Nuclear Power Plants
2.2.2 Hydroelectric Power Plants
2.2.3 Coal-Fired Power Plants
2.2.4 Diesel-Fired Power Plants
2.3 Non-Conventional Energy Resources
2.4 Horizontal- and Vertical-Axis WT Designs
2.5 Wind Speed and Direction
2.5.1 Power in the Wind
2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
2.6.1 Advantages of Wind Energy
2.6.2 Disadvantages of Wind Energy
2.7 Wind Speed
2.7.1 Wind Water Pumping System
2.8 Wind Energy Generators
2.8.1 DC Generator
2.8.2 AC Synchronous Generator
2.8.3 Induction Generators
2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Flexible Load and Renewable Energy Integration with Impact on Voltage Profile of a Large Size Grid
3.1 Introduction to Existing Scenario
3.2 Problem Identification
3.3 Simulation Model Design
3.4 Power Flow Studies of Multiple Simulated Cases
3.5 Dynamic Simulation Study Comparisons
3.6 Comparison of Existing Grid Generators
3.7 Assessment of Required VAR Support
3.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Energy Storing Devices for Sustainable Environment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Problem
4.3 Global Status of the Consumption of Energy
4.4 Need to Store Energy
4.5 Energy Storing Technologies
4.6 Classification of Energy Storage
4.6.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage (ECES)
4.6.1.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB)
4.6.1.2 Lithium–O[sub(2)] Batteries
4.6.1.3 Lithium Cobalt Oxide Batteries
4.6.1.4 Lithium Manganese Oxide Batteries
4.6.1.5 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Batteries
4.6.1.6 Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries
4.6.1.7 Lithium-Titanate Batteries
4.6.1.8 Sodium–Sulfur Batteries
4.6.1.9 Lead–Acid Batteries (LABs)
4.6.1.10 Aluminum-Ion Batteries
4.6.1.11 Copper Zinc Batteries
4.6.1.12 Redox Flow Batteries
4.6.1.13 Vanadium-Based Flow Batteries
4.6.1.14 Metal–Air Batteries
4.6.2 Mechanical Storage
4.6.2.1 Hydroelectric Energy Storage
4.6.2.2 Flywheel
4.6.3 Chemical Storage
4.6.3.1 Hydrogen
4.6.3.2 Methane
4.6.4 Thermal Energy Storage
4.6.4.1 Sensible Heat Storage (SHS)
4.6.4.2 Latent Heat Storage
4.6.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage
4.7 Discussion and Analysis
4.8 Challenges and Prospects of Energy Storage Technologies
4.9 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 5 Clean and Green Energy Fundamentals
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solar Energy
5.2.1 Active and Passive Systems
5.2.2 Solar Photovoltaic Technology (SPVT)
5.3 Hydroelectric Energy
5.3.1 Hydropower in India
5.4 Biomass Energy
5.4.1 Biomass and Environment
5.4.2 Sources of Biomass Energy
5.5 Wind Energy
5.5.1 Short-Term Variability
5.5.1.1 Variations within a Minute
5.5.1.2 Variations within an Hour
5.5.1.3 Variations from Hour to Hour
5.5.2 Long-Term Variability
5.5.2.1 Monthly and Seasonal Variations
5.5.2.2 Inter-Annual Variations
5.5.2.3 Characteristics of Wind
5.5.2.4 Wind Speed
5.5.2.5 Weibull Distribution
5.5.2.6 Wind Turbulence
5.5.2.7 Wind Gust
5.5.2.8 Wind Direction
5.5.3 Challenges in Wind Power Generation
5.5.3.1 Impact on the Environmental Conditions
5.5.3.2 Wind Turbine Noise
5.5.3.3 Integration of Wind Power into Grid
5.5.4 Wind Energy Storage
5.5.5 Offshore wind turbines
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Evaluation of Sustainable Window for Energy Mitigation in an Electrical Grid Building
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental Setup
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Filter Bank Multicarrier for Smart Grid Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Filter Bank Multicarrier
7.3 Fast Fourier Transform as Multicarrier Modulator
7.4 FFT’s Filtering Effect
7.5 System Model and FBMC Formulation in Smart Grid
7.6 Self-Equalization Property of FBMC in Smart Grid
7.7 Choice of Filter Bank Structure
7.8 Goal of WP3
References
Chapter 8 Recent Trends in Economic Scheduling and Emission Dispatch of Distributed Generators in Microgrids
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microgrid Architecture
8.3 Economic Dispatch and Emission
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Forecasting of Tensile–Shear Strength of JSC 590RN Low-Carbon Steel Spot Welds Using Taguchi Technique Used in Electrical Grids
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Workpiece Design
9.2.2 Experimental Procedure
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 S/N Ratio
9.3.2 Analysis of Variance
9.3.3 Confirmation Test
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Experimental Analysis of Surface Integrity of Machined Stainless Steel (SS-304) by Taguchi Method Coupled with GRA Used in Electrical Grids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental Particulars
10.2.1 Materials
10.2.2 Experimental Setup
10.2.3 Experimental Design
10.2.4 Recording of Response Characteristics
10.3 Method
10.3.1 Taguchi Technique (Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio)
10.3.2 Steps of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
10.3.2.1 Normalization
10.3.2.2 Analysis of GRG (Grey Relational Grade) and GRC (Grey Relational Coefficient)
10.4 Outcomes and Explanation
10.4.1 Best Suitable Combination of Parameters
10.4.1.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
10.4.1.2 Validation Test
10.5 Optical Micrographs
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Energy Storage Devices Based on 2D Phosphorene as an Electrode Material
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fundamental Properties of Phosphorene
11.2.1 Band Structures
11.2.2 Carrier Transport
11.2.3 Optical Properties of Phosphorene
11.2.4 Thermal Properties
11.2.5 Mechanical Properties
11.3 Tunable Electronic Properties
11.3.1 Strain/Electric Field
11.3.2 Defect
11.3.3 Surface Functionalization
11.3.4 Heterostructures
11.4 Synthesis of Phosphorene
11.4.1 High-Pressure Route
11.4.2 Recrystallization from Bismuth Flux
11.4.3 Chemical Vapor Transport
11.4.4 Mechanical Milling
11.5 Energy Storage Devices—Phosphorene
11.5.1 Li-ion Batteries
11.5.2 Na-ion Batteries
11.5.3 K-ion Batteries
11.5.4 Li–S Batteries
11.5.5 Mg-ion Batteries
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Application and Performance Analysis of Various Nature-Inspired Algorithm in AGC Synthesis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Modern AGC
12.3 Optimization Methods
12.3.1 Grey Wolf Optimization
12.3.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
12.3.3 Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm
12.3.4 Whale Optimization Algorithm
12.4 Model Description
12.4.1 Controller Implementation
12.5 Results
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Unified Smith Predictor for MIMO Systems with Multiple Time Delays
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Survey
13.3 Unified Smith Predictor for Multiple Time Delays
13.4 Parameterization of Two-DOF Controllers
13.4.1 Design of Feedback Controller
13.4.2 Design of Feedforward Controller
13.5 Simulation Example
13.6 Robust Stability Analysis
13.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Renewable Energy Sources and Small Hydro Power Scenario in Mountainous Regions of Himalayas
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Renewable Energy Sources
14.3 Hybrid Power Generation System
14.4 Solar Energy
14.5 Wind Energy
14.6 Geothermal Energy
14.7 Biomass Energy
14.8 Small Hydro Power Plants
14.8.1 Classification of Small Hydro Power Plants
14.8.2 Elements of Small Hydro Power Plants
14.8.3 Power Generated in Small Hydro Power Plants
14.8.4 Control Requirements in Small Hydro Power Plants
14.8.5 Pico-/Micro-Hydro Power Plants and Their Control
14.8.6 Water Discharge and Electrical Loading Pattern in Remote Mountainous Regions of Himalayas
14.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 A Comprehensive Review on Energy Storage Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification of ESS
15.2.1 Mechanical Energy Storage (MES)
15.2.1.1 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES)
15.2.1.2 Compressed-Air Energy Storage (CAES)
15.2.1.3 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)
15.2.2 Electrical Energy Storage (EES)
15.2.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
15.2.2.2 Supercapacitor Energy Storage
15.2.3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
15.2.3.1 Sensible Heat Energy Storage
15.2.3.2 Latent Heat Energy Storage (LHES)
15.2.3.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage
15.2.4 Electrochemical and Battery Energy Storage
15.2.4.1 Flow Batteries
15.2.4.2 Secondary Batteries
15.2.5 Chemical Energy Storage
15.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems
15.3.1 Bulk Energy Applications
15.3.1.1 Energy Arbitrage
15.3.1.2 Conservation for Peak Demand
15.3.2 Ancillary Service Applications
15.3.2.1 Load Tracking
15.3.2.2 Spinning Reserve
15.3.2.3 Voltage Support
15.3.2.4 Blackout
15.3.2.5 Frequency Regulation
15.3.3 Customer Energy Management Applications
15.3.3.1 Power Quality
15.3.3.2 Power Reliability
15.3.4 Renewable Energy Integration Applications
15.3.5 Applications Based on Usage
15.3.6 Self-Generation and Utilities
15.3.7 Transportation
15.3.8 General Applications
15.4 Technical Comparison of Various Types of Energy Storage Systems
15.5 Challenges and Issues in Deploying Energy Storage Systems
15.6 Future Research Directions
15.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Cyber and Theft Attacks on Smart Electric Metering Systems: An Overview of Defenses
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Vulnerabilities of Attacks in Smart Electrical Infrastructures
16.3 Summary of Safety Measures Needed in Smart Grids to Detect and prevent Cyberattacks
16.4 Architecture of Smart Grid
16.5 Proposed Solutions by Some of the Reseachers on Attacks
16.6 Attacker Types in Smart Grids
16.7 Attack Type
16.8 Classification of Cyberattacks
16.9 The Set of Detection and Prevention Systems in Smart Grid
16.9.1 Intrusion Detection System in SG
16.9.2 Use of Frequency Monitoring in Communication
16.9.3 Cognitive Radio-Based WRANs for Communication in SG
16.9.4 The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
16.9.5 False Data Injection Attacks
16.9.6 Abnormal Traffic-Indexed State Estimation (ATSE)
16.9.7 Use of IoTs
16.10 IPv6 and IBM Model
16.11 Use of 5G
16.12 Fault Detection is also Possible with Phasor Measurement Units
16.13 Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Cybersecurity
16.14 Game-Theoretic Approach Used to Model Attacks and Defenses
16.15 Use of a Practical Group Blind Signature Scheme
16.16 Blockchain Method
16.17 A Situation-Aware Scheme for Efficient Device Authentication
16.18 Key Management Protocol for Secure Communication
16.19 Detection of Attack in Smart Meter Using Protection Method
16.20 Detection of Attack Using Machine Learning Methods in Smart Meters Data
16.21 Deficit due to Energy Theft
16.22 Ensemble-Based Methods
16.23 Ensemble ML Algorithm
16.24 Conclusions
References
Index