Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 Smart Charging: An Outlook Towards its Role and Impacts, Enablers, Markets, and the Global Energy System
1.1 Introduction to Smart Charging
1.1.1 Context of SMART
1.1.2 Approaches
1.1.3 Contributions
1.2 Types of Charging
1.2.1 Uncoordinated Charging
1.2.2 Coordinated Charging
1.2.3 Smart Charging
1.3 Impact of Smart Charging on Global Energy Systems
1.3.1 On the Grid Side
1.3.2 On the Demand Side
1.3.3 Overall Infrastructure
1.4 Types of Smart Charging
1.5 Entities of a Smart-Charging System
1.5.1 Operators: Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
1.5.2 Controllers
1.5.3 Aggregators
1.5.4 Communication System
1.5.5 Stakeholders
1.5.5.1 Policymakers
1.5.5.2 Manufacturers
1.5.5.3 Service and Support Providers
1.5.5.4 Consumers
1.5.6 Market
1.6 Enablers of Smart Charging
1.7 Control Architectures
1.7.1 Centralized
1.7.2 Decentralized
1.7.3 Comments on Suitability
1.8 Outlook towards Smart Charging
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Influence of Electric Vehicles on Improvements in the Electric Distribution Grid
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolution of the Distribution System
2.2.1 Present and Next Challenges of the Distribution System
2.2.2 Energy Planning
2.2.3 Impacts on the Consumption of Energy Sources
2.2.4 Impacts of the Consumption on Distribution Networks
2.2.5 Evolution towards Smart Grids
2.3 Electric Mobility
2.3.1 Electric Vehicle Classification
2.3.2 Electric Mobility Maturity in Italy
2.3.2.1 Technological Maturity
2.3.2.2 Regulatory Maturity
2.3.2.3 Market Maturity
2.3.3 Electric Vehicle Market
2.3.4 Italian EV Market
2.3.5 The Influence of Batteries
2.3.6 Future Scenarios
2.3.7 Plans for the Diffusion of Charging Systems in Italy – PNIRE
2.3.8 Models and Diffusion Plans
2.3.8.1 The ANCI Guidelines
2.3.9 Charging Infrastructure
2.4 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
2.4.1 State-of-the-Art Charging Infrastructure
2.4.2 Charging Modes
2.4.2.1 Mode 1: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (6-8 h) up to 16 A
2.4.2.2 Mode 2: Charging in Domestic Environment, Slow (3-4 h) up to 32 A
2.4.2.3 Mode 3: Recharge in Domestic and Public Environment, Slow (6-8 h) or Fast (30 min – 1 h)
2.4.2.4 Mode 4: Charging in Public Environment, Fast (10-30 min) (Charging in Direct Current)
2.4.3 Charging Poles
2.4.4 Charging Connectors
2.4.5 Pilot Circuit
2.4.6 Complete Pilot Circuit
2.4.7 Simplified Pilot Circuit
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Smart Charging Strategies for the Changing Grid
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Charging Strategy based on Vehicle Type
3.3 Mapping of Charging Strategies
3.4 Evaluation of Charging Strategies
References
4 Pricing Schemes for Smart Charging
Abbreviations
Nomenclature
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concepts and Issues in Charging Pricing
4.3 Different Models of Charging Stations’ Dynamic Pricing
4.4 Classification of Charging Pricing Models
4.4.1 Stochastic Dynamic Pricing
4.4.1.1 Profit of Charging Stations
4.4.1.2 Customer Satisfaction
4.4.1.3 Effect on the Power Grid
4.4.1.4 Multi-Objective Optimization Framework
4.4.2 Distributed Dynamic Pricing Policy Method
4.4.2.1 Distributed Dynamic Pricing Strategy
4.4.2.2 Usage-Based Dynamic Pricing (UDP)
4.4.2.3 Distributed Demand Response Pricing (D2R)
4.4.2.4 Quadratic Cost Function Pricing (QCF)
4.4.3 Integrated Dynamic Pricing and Scheduling of EV Charging Stations
4.4.4 Competitive Charging Station Pricing
4.4.4.1 Charger Station Pricing Game (CSPG)
4.4.5 Negotiation Pricing in Charging Stations
4.4.5.1 Initial Price of EV User
4.4.5.2 Charging Station Operator Initial Price
4.4.5.3 Strategy of Price Adjustment for Charging Station Operator
4.4.5.4 Price Adjustment Strategy of EV User
4.4.6 Charging Pricing of Fast Charging Stations for the Voltage Control of Distribution Network
4.4.6.1 The Lower-Layer Optimization Model
4.4.6.2 The Upper-Layer Optimization Model
4.4.7 Online Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Pricing
4.5 Electricity Pricing of Vehicle Discharging to Grid
4.5.1 Scheme of Discharge Pricing
4.5.2 Some Common Schemes of Discharge Pricing
4.6 Electricity Pricing Currently Used at Charging Stations
4.7 Effect of Charging Pricing on Economic Competitiveness of Electric Vehicles
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 Management of Electric Vehicles Using Automatic Learning Algorithms: Application in Office Buildings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Proposed Charging Strategy
5.3 Test Bed and Implementation Results
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 High-Power Charging Strategies of EV Batteries and Energy Storage
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 EV Battery Set Model
6.3 Case Study of Charging High Power Li-Ion Battery for Energy Storage and Electric Work Machines
6.4 Proposed Constant Current and Constant Voltage Method for EV Battery Charging
6.5 Simulation Tests of EV Battery Charging
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Integration of Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles with the Industrial Power System
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structure of Hybrid EV Fast Charging Station
7.3 Use of Drive Voltage Frequency Converter for Charging EV Batteries
7.4 Fast Charging Converter Integrated with 600V DC Microgrid
7.5 Simulation and Experimental Study of Drive Voltage Frequency Converter Used to Charge EV Batteries
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Regulatory Framework for Smart Charging in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Challenges, Driving Forces, and Lessons for Future Ro
List of Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Status of Adopted EV Technology
8.1.2 Prospects and Current Market for Smart Charging
8.1.3 Status of International Intervened Framework
8.2 EV Charging Technology and Smart Charging
8.2.1 EV Charging Technology
8.2.1.1 Existent Charging Technologies for EVs
8.2.1.2 Emergent Charging Technologies for EVs
8.2.2 Smart Charging
8.2.3 Smart Charging: Current Status and Technological Advancement
8.2.3.1 Smart Charging Powered by Service Provider or Grid Operator Needs
8.2.3.2 Smart Charging Powered by EV Owners or Building Needs
8.2.4 Affordability and Current Infrastructure
8.2.4.1 Charging Stations
8.2.4.2 The Charger
8.2.5 Major Threats in Smart Charging
8.3 Smart Charging Standards
8.3.1 Standards Developed by IEC
8.3.1.1 IEC61851 Standard
8.3.1.2 IEC 61980 Standard
8.3.1.3 IEC62196 Standard
8.3.2 SAE Standards
8.3.2.1 SAEJ2293 Standard
8.3.2.2 SAEJ1772 Standard
8.3.2.3 SAEJ1773 Standard
8.3.2.4 SAEJ2847 and SAEJ2836 Standard
8.3.2.5 SAEJ2931 Standard
8.3.2.6 SAEJ2954 and SAEJ2954 Standard
8.3.3 Safety Standards for EV
8.3.3.1 NFPA Standards
8.3.3.2 NEC 625
8.3.3.3 NEC 626
8.4 Regulatory Framework
8.4.1 International Smart Charging Framework
8.4.2 Role of Agents in Smart Charging
8.4.3 Regulatory Challenges of Smart Charging and Impact on Global Energy Market
8.5 Conclusions and Discussion
References
9 EV Fast Charging Station Planning with Renewable Energy Sources: A Case Study of Durgapur System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modeling of System
9.2.1 Solar PV
9.2.2 Battery Storage System (BSS)
9.2.3 System Converter
9.2.4 Diesel Generator
9.2.5 Load Profile
9.2.6 Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Station (EV-FCS) Characteristics and Performance
9.3 Case Study on Solar and Wind Data
9.4 Problem Description and Methodology
9.4.1 Cost of Energy (COE)
9.4.2 Annual Savings
9.4.3 Internal Rate of Return
9.4.4 Simple Payback
9.4.5 Pollutant Emissions
9.5 Results and Discussion
9.5.1 System Analysis without EV Fast Charging Stations (EV-FCS)
9.5.2 System Analysis with EV Fast Charging Stations (EV-FCS)
9.6 Conclusions
9.7 Acknowledgment
References
10 Game Theory Approach for Electric Vehicle Charge Management Considering User Behavior
Nomenclature
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Problem Formulation
10.3 Profit Maximization Game
10.4 Existence and Uniqueness of Nash Equilibrium of Profit Maximization Game
10.5 Results and Discussion
10.6 Conclusion
Appendix A
References
11 A Novel SMES Based Charging System for Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids
Nomenclature List of Abbreviations
List of Variables
11.1 Introduction
11.2 System Modeling
11.3 Impact Analysis of SME’S on SG Performance while Accommodating EVs
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 A Novel Intelligent Route Planning Framework for Electric Vehicles with Consideration of Waiting Time in Delhi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Problem Description
12.2.1 Travelling Cost between Two Edges
12.2.2 Charging Cost at CS
12.2.3 Travelling Time Between Two Edges
12.2.4 Waiting Time at CS
12.3 Reinforcement Learning (RL) Based EV Navigation System
12.3.1 Objective Functions
12.3.2 Online Learning and Estimation Waiting Time
12.3.3 RL Based Navigation Method
12.4 Results and Discussion
12.4.1 Simulation Environment
12.4.2 Benchmark Cases
12.4.3 Distributed Learning Simulation
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Smart Charging Management for Autonomous Vehicles: A Smart Solution for Smart Cities & Societies: COVID 19
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Autonomous Vehicles: A Promise for Next-Generation Transportation Systems
13.3 How Autonomous Vehicle Standards Ensure Safety
13.4 Autonomous Cars and Smart Cities
13.5 Benefits of Autonomous Vehicles
13.6 Adoption Perspectives for Autonomous Vehicles: COVID 19 Situation
13.7 During the Fight of Pandemic Situation: How Autonomous Vehicles are Used
13.8 Smart Charging Management for Autonomous Vehicles
13.9 Challenges Involved in Self Driving Vehicles (V2X) Driving the Development of Autonomous Vehicles
13.10 Discussion
13.11 Conclusion
13.12 Acknowledgment
References
14 Electric Vehicle Integrated Virtual Power Plants: A Systematic Review
Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of VPP
14.2.1 Definitions of VPP
14.2.2 Components of VPP
14.2.3 Classification of VPP
14.2.4 Benefits of VPP
14.3 Global Scenario
14.4 Framework for VPP
14.5 Research Initiatives
14.6 EV Integrated VPP
14.7 Conclusions
References
15 Optimal Location of EV Charging Stations by Modified Direct Search Algorithm
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Background
15.1.2 Existing Works
15.1.3 Contribution
15.2 Problem Formulation
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 Division of Search Space
15.3.2 Arrangement of Elements of Search Space
15.3.3 Size Reduction of Search Space
15.3.4 Evaluation of Objective Function
15.4 Numerical Analysis
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Recent Trends and Technologies of Electric Vehicles and Their Wireless Charging Methods: A Review
16.1 Introduction
16.2 FAME Status
16.3 Basic Operation of WPT of EVs
16.4 Components of WPT System
16.5 Advancements in WPT and Electric Vehicle Technology
16.6 Electric Vehicle Status in India
16.7 Standards of Electrical Vehicles, Infrastructure, and WPT
16.8 Conclusion
References
17 Techno-Economic Issues of Grid Connected Large Photovoltaic Plants of Smart City Prayagraj to the EV Charging Station: A Case
17.1 Introduction
17.2 PV Generation Feasibility Study for Prayagraj for EV Charging Stations
17.3 Modeling and Challenges of Grid Integrated Photovoltaic System
17.4 Real-Time Challenges of 5MW Solar Plant at Naini, Prayagraj, India
17.5 Whole System Layout and Description
17.6 Cost Analysis of Complete PV System
17.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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