Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities and Communities

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities and Communities—An Overview
1 Part I: “Changes in Work Practices and Employability in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic”
2 Part II: “Smart Techniques for Monitoring the COVID-19 Pandemic and Forecasting Its Course”
3 Part III: “Changes in Teaching and Learning Practices in Response to COVID-19”
4 Part IV: “Adapting for Improved Resilience in an Uncertain Future” Contains Six Chapters
References
Part I Changes in Work Practices and Employability in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic
2 Examining Pedagogical Approaches in Developing Employability Skills in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 Review of Literature
2.1 The Era of the ‘New Normal’
2.2 Understanding the Concept of Pedagogy
2.3 Reviewing Pedagogical Approaches
3 Research Methodology
3.1 The Delphi Process
4 Presentation of Findings
4.1 Delphi Round 1
4.2 Delphi Round 2
5 Discussion of Findings
6 Conclusion
References
3 Relating Work-Integrated Learning to Employability Skills in the Post-COVID-19 Era
1 Introduction
2 Review of Literature
2.1 Integrating Technology into the Work-Integrated Learning Concept
2.2 Employability Implications of WIL Activities
3 Research Methodology
4 Findings and Discussions
4.1 Respondents’ Background Information
4.2 Mean Rankings of Work-Integrated Learning Factors
4.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
5 Conclusions
References
4 Opportunities and Barriers of Digitization in the COVID-19 Crisis for SMEs
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Literature Research
2.2 Research Setting, Design, and Data Collection
2.3 Data Analysis
3 Results
4 Conclusion
5 Limitations and Further Research
Appendix
References
5 New Urban Mobility Strategies After the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction and Background
2 The Problem of Public Transport
3 Classification of Cities
4 Data Analysis
5 Study Cases
6 Conclusions
6.1 A Diversified Transport System
6.2 Example for the Future
6.3 The Trigger Problem
6.4 Tactical Urbanism
6.5 Accidental Safety
6.6 Future Developments
References
6 Integration of Indoor Air Quality Concerns in Educational Community Through Collaborative Framework of Campus Bizia Laboratory of the University of the Basque Country
1 Objective of the Study
2 State of the Art
3 IAQ in Schools and College Campuses
3.1 Relationship Between CO2 Concentration and COVID-19. Prevention Protocols
3.2 Characterisation of UPV/EHU Buildings
3.3 Campus Bizia Laboratory (CBL) Research Initiative
4 Methodology
4.1 Management and Teacher-Student Coordination for Autonomous Work
4.2 Involvement of Other Staff (General Student Body, Teaching Staff and Administrative and Service Staff)
4.3 Case Study Selection
4.4 Methods and Tools
5 Results
6 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Part II Smart Techniques for Monitoring a Pandemic and Forecasting its Course
7 An Overview of Methods for Control and Estimation of Capacity in COVID-19 Pandemic from Point Cloud and Imagery Data
1 Introduction
2 Imagery Data
2.1 People Counting
2.2 Biometric Identification
2.3 Monitoring of Activities
2.4 Distance Measurement Using Images
2.5 3D Modelling from Imagery
3 LiDAR Data
3.1 People Detection
3.2 3D Modelling from LiDAR Data
4 Discussion
4.1 Comparative Imagery and LiDAR Data for Human Monitoring
4.2 Comparative Imagery and LiDAR Data for 3D Modelling and Capacity Estimation
4.3 Privacy
5 Conclusion
References
8 Modeling and Evaluating the Impact of Social Restrictions on the Spread of COVID-19 Using Machine Learning
1 Introduction
2 Data
3 Model Development
4 Results and Discussion
5 Limitations
6 Conclusion
References
9 Forecasting the COVID-19 Spread in Iran, Italy, and Mexico Using Novel Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network and ARIMA-Based Hybrid Models
1 Introduction
2 Data
3 Method
3.1 Richards Models
3.2 ARIMA Model
3.3 Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network
3.4 Hybrid Models
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Performance of Richards Growth Model
4.2 Non-hybrid Models Performance
4.3 Hybrid Models Performance
5 Conclusion
References
10 Spatial Statistics Models for COVID-19 Data Under Geostatistical Methods
1 Introduction
2 Point Process Analysis
3 Measures of Point Process
4 Conclusions
References
11 Intelligent Multi-Sensor System for Remote Detection of COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 Backgrounds
2.1 Body Temperature Detection
2.2 Cough Detection
2.3 Breathing Rate
3 Methodology
3.1 Body Temperature Detection
3.2 Cough Detection
3.3 Breathing Rate
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Body Temperature Detection
4.2 Cough Detection
4.3 Breathing Rate
5 Conclusion
References
12 A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models for COVID-19 Diagnosis Based on X-Ray Images
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Dataset Preparation
2.2 Data Preprocessing
2.3 Models
2.4 Model Training and Testing
2.5 Performance Metrics
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions and Future Work
References
13 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Applied in Determining the Contagion Risk Level of SARS-COV-2 Based on Validated Knowledge in the Scientific Community
1 Introduction
2 Fuzzy Cognitive Maps’ Background
3 sCD-FCM Development
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Part III Changes in Teaching and Learning Practices in Response to a Pandemic
14 Education After COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 Philosophy of Educational System
2.1 Antiquity
2.2 Middle Ages
2.3 First Industrial Revolution
3 The Past of Education
4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Old Versus New
5 Lessons Learned from COVID-19
6 Strategic Planning, or Lack of It
7 Online Education is Here to Stay: The 4-Move Checkmate
8 Education and the Turing Line: The Role of AI
9 Conclusions: The Importance of Community and ICT
References
15 Equipping European Higher Education Teachers for Successful and Sustainable e-Learning with Home Remote Work
1 Introduction
2 Data Collection Process
3 Pedagogy in Digital Environments
4 Digital Skills of Teachers Working from Home: Technical Troubleshooting with Limited Support
5 Cybersecurity, Data Privacy and IPR: Persistent and Enhanced Challenges
6 e-Learning Customization for Equity and Inclusion: Accessibility, Gender and Cultural Inclusion
7 Other Aspects of e-Learning with Home Telework
8 Conclusions
References
16 Fully Online Project-Based Learning of Software Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Overview of Our PBL of Software Development (Before the COVID-19 Pandemic)
4 Our PBL in the 2020 Academic year
5 Result
6 Evaluation
7 Summary
References
17 A Tale of Two Zones: Pandemic ERT Evaluation
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
3.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing
3.2 Data Analysis
3.3 CIPP Evaluation Comparison
3.4 SEM Modeling and Analysis
4 Results and Evaluation
4.1 SEM of the Student
4.2 In-Class Versus Online Student's Satisfaction
4.3 Online Versus In-Person Missing
4.4 Problems Prioritization Frequency
4.5 Comparison of Factors
4.6 Term-Wise Loads Perception
4.7 Comparison of Student's Performance
4.8 CIPP Evaluation in both Zones
4.9 Qualitative Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Part IV Adapting for Improved Resilience
18 Anticipating and Preparing for Future Change and Uncertainty: Building Adaptive Pathways
1 Introduction
2 Adaptive Pathways
3 Methodology
4 Results
4.1 Describe the Study Area
4.2 Problem Analysis
4.3 Possible Actions
4.4 Evaluate Actions
4.5 Assembly of Pathways
4.6 Preferred Pathways
4.7 Contingency Planning
4.8 Dynamic Adaptive Plan
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
19 A Health-Energy Nexus Perspective for Virtual Power Plants: Power Systems Resiliency and Pandemic Uncertainty Challenges
1 Introduction
1.1 Objectives and Key Contributions
2 The Novel “Health-Energy Nexus, Under Pandemic Uncertainty”
3 Energy Demand Patterns and Other Pandemic Implications
4 Value of Virtual Power Plants Within the Novel Health-Energy Nexus
5 Energy Informatics and Interdisciplinarity to Tackle the Novel Health-Energy Nexus
6 Toward an Extended Education-Health-Energy Nexus
7 The Role of Energy Policies Within the Education-Health-Energy Nexus
8 Conclusions
References
20 A Sustainable Nutritional Behavior in the Era of Climate Changes
1 Climate Changes
1.1 General Aspects
1.2 Initiators of Climate Modification
2 Climate Change Influence on Environmental Modifications
2.1 Human Health Impact
2.2 Food Industry Influence
2.3 Production Sustenance
3 Conclusions
References
21 The Development of a Smart Tunable Full-Spectrum LED Lighting Technology Which May Prevent and Treat COVID-19 Infections, for Society’s Resilience and Quality of Life
1 Introduction
2 Background and Literature Review
3 Methodology
4 Results
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
22 Energy-Efficient Technologies for Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration
1 Impact, Requirements, and Challenges of Low and Ultra-Low Temperature Refrigeration on Biomedical Research
2 Configurations
2.1 Single-Stage
2.2 Indirect Expansion
2.3 Cascade
2.4 Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX)
2.5 Ejector
2.6 Multi-stage
2.7 Absorption
2.8 Auto-Cascade
2.9 CO2 Sublimation
3 Ultra-Low Temperature Configurations’ Recent Findings
3.1 Two-Stage Cascade
3.2 Cascade with Intermediate Heat Exchanger
3.3 Cascade with Ejector
3.4 Cascade with Three Stages
4 Conclusions
References