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Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms

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The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to our economic and environmental health. During the transition period, it will be critical to carry out testing, technology improvements, consumer education, development of standards and regulations, and information sharing between projects to ensure that the benefits we envision from the Smart Grid become a reality.

Today, an electricity disruption such as a blackout can have a domino effect―a series of failures that can affect banking, communications, traffic, and security. This is a particular threat in the winter, when homeowners can be left without heat. A smarter grid will add resiliency to our electric power system and make it better prepared to address emergencies such as severe storms, earthquakes, large solar flares, and terrorist attacks. Because of its two-way interactive capacity, the Smart Grid will allow for automatic rerouting when equipment fails or outages occur. This will minimize outages and minimize the effects when they do happen. When a power outage occurs, Smart Grid technologies will detect and isolate the outages, containing them before they become large-scale blackouts. The new technologies will also help ensure that electricity recovery resumes quickly and strategically after an emergency―routing electricity to emergency services first, for example. In addition, the Smart Grid will take greater advantage of customer-owned power generators to produce power when it is not available from utilities. By combining these "distributed generation" resources, a community could keep its health center, police department, traffic lights, phone system, and grocery stores operating during emergencies. In addition, the Smart Grid is a way to address an aging energy infrastructure that needs to be upgraded or replaced.

This book shows that Smart Grids can address energy efficiency, to bring increased awareness to consumers about the connection between electricity use and the environment, bring increased national security to our energy system―drawing on greater amounts of home-grown electricity that is more resistant to natural disasters and attack.

Author(s): Kolla Bhanu Prakash, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Massimo Mitolo
Series: River Publishers Series in Power
Publisher: River Publishers
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 359
City: Gistrup

Front Cover
Smart and Power Grid Systems – Design Challenges and Paradigms
Contents
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
1 Power Electronics in Smart Grid
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Smart Grid, Components and Advantages
1.2.1 Structure of Photovoltaic Intelligent Charging (PVCS) Based on SST Solid State Transformer
1.3 Power Electronic Converters in Smart Grids
1.4 Application of Power Electronic Technology in Smart Grid
1.4.1 The Application of DC-AC and DC-AC in SG
1.4.2 The Application of HVDC Technology in Smart Grid
1.4.3 The Application of FACTS Technology in Smart Grid
1.5 CPS Attacks Mitigation Approaches on Power Electronic
1.5.1 Architecture of Digitally-Controlled Electronic CPSs
1.5.2 CPS Protection Vulnerabilities and the of Power Electronics
1.6 Conclusion
1.6.1 Topology Detection and Cyber Attack
1.6.2 Vulnerability Analysis of Cyber-attacks in Control of Voltage Source Converters
References
2 Power Electronics in HVDC Transmission Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 HVDC Transmission Systems
2.2.1 Brief Overview on HVDC Transmission Technologies
2.2.1.1 Back-to-Back HVDC transmission
2.2.1.2 Point-to-Point HVDC transmission
2.2.1.3 Multi-Terminal HVDC grids
2.2.2 HVDC Configurations
2.2.2.1 Monopolar
2.2.2.2 Bipolar
2.2.2.3 Homopolar
2.2.2.4 Hybrid
2.2.3 Power Electronics Converters in HVDC Systems
2.3 Power Converters
2.3.1 Voltage Source Converters
2.3.1.1 Two-level VSCs
2.3.1.2 Multilevel converters
2.3.1.2.1 Monolithic multilevel converters
2.3.1.2.1.1 Neutral point clamped multilevel converter
2.3.1.2.1.2 Flying capacitor multilevel converter
2.3.1.2.2 Modular multilevel converters
2.3.1.2.2.1 Power electronics voltage source sub modules
2.3.1.2.2.2 Conventional MMCs
2.3.1.2.2.3 Alternative arm modular multilevel converters
2.3.1.2.2.4 Hybrid MMCs
2.3.2 Current Source Converters
2.3.2.1 Multipulse CSCs
2.3.2.2 Modular current source converters
2.3.2.2.1 Power electronics current SMs
2.3.2.2.2 Conventional MCSCs
2.3.2.2.3 Modular multilevel current source converters
2.3.2.2.4 Hybrid MCSCs
2.3.3 Hybrid Current and Voltage Source Converters
2.4 DC/DC Converters
2.4.1 Isolated DC/DC Converters
2.4.1.1 Flyback/Forward-based
2.4.1.2 DAB
2.4.1.2.1 Two-level DAB
2.4.1.2.2 Cascaded DAB multilevel converter
2.4.1.2.3 DAB-MMC
2.4.1.2.3.1 Conventional DAB-MMC
2.4.1.2.3.2 DAB-MMC based on controlled transition bridge
2.4.1.2.3.3 DAB-MMC based on transition arm converter
2.4.1.2.3.4 DAB-Alternative arm MMC
2.4.1.2.3.5 DAB-MMC based on hybrid cascaded two-level converter
2.4.2 Non Isolated DC/DC Converters
2.4.2.1 DC autotransformer
2.4.2.2 Transformerless
2.4.2.2.1 Resonant DC/DC converters
2.4.2.2.1.1 Single-Stage resonant DC/DC converters
2.4.2.2.1.2 Multi stage resonant DC/DC converters
2.4.2.2.2 DC modular DC/DC converters
2.4.2.2.2.1 DC modular multilevel converters
2.4.2.2.2.2 Classical choppers
2.5 DC Power Flow Controllers
2.5.1 SDC-PFC
2.5.2 CDC-PFCs
2.5.3 IDC-PFCs
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Optimal Multi-Objective Energy Management of Distributed Integration in Smart Distribution Considering Uncertainties
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Uncertainty Modeling of RDG Source
3.2.1 Modeling of Load Demand Uncertainty
3.2.2 Modeling of Solar DG Uncertainty
3.2.3 Wind Turbine DG Uncertainty Modeling
3.3 Multi Objective Indices Evaluation
3.3.1 Multi Objective Indices
3.3.2 Equality Constraints
3.3.3 Distribution Line Constraints
3.3.4 RDG Constraints
3.4 Distribution Test System
3.5 Analysis Results and Comparison
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Security Challenges in Smart Grid Management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Demand for a Smart Grid
4.3 Benefits of Smart Grid
4.4 Smart Grid Operation
4.5 Smart Grid Security Challenges
4.6 Literature Review
4.7 Key Points that Require Special Attention
4.7.1 Requirements for Data and Information Security
4.7.2 Extensive use of “Smart” Devices
4.7.3 Grid Perimeter and Physical Security
4.7.4 Protocols of a Legacy and (in) Secure Communication
4.7.5 Many Stakeholders and Synergies with other Services
4.7.6 A Lack of Clarity about the Smart Grid Concept its Security Requirements
4.7.7 Lack of Awareness among Smart Grid Stakeholders
4.7.8 Supply Chain Security
4.7.9 Encourage the Interchange of Risk, Vulnerability, and Threat Information
4.7.10 International Cooperation
4.7.11 Utility Security Management
4.8 Smart Grid Security Policies
4.8.1 Confidentiality
4.8.2 Integrity
4.8.3 Availability
4.8.4 Accountability
4.9 Corrective Strategies to Improve Smart Grid Protection
4.10 Important Areas to Safeguard the Grid
4.10.1 Powerful Digital Identities
4.10.2 Mutual Verification
4.10.3 Encryption
4.10.4 Continuous Security Updates
4.11 Conclusion
References
5 Differential Protection Scheme along with Backup System for DC Microgrid
5.1 Introduction
5.2 DC Microgrids
5.2.1 Various Power Sources in DC Microgrids
5.2.2 Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids
5.2.3 Power Converters used in DC Microgrids
5.3 Challenges in Protection of Smart Grid
5.3.1 Protection from Cyber-Attacks
5.3.2 Converters with a Low Tolerance
5.3.3 Inefficacy of AC Circuit Breakers
5.3.4 Fault Current in both Directions
5.4 Cyber Attacks
5.4.1 Network security cyber attacks
5.4.2 GOOSE and SV Messages
5.5 Blockchain
5.6 Blockchain-Based DC Microgrid Protection Approach
5.6.1 Differential Fault Identification
5.6.2 Blockchain-based Backup and Protection System
5.7 Results and Discussion
5.7.1 Detecting and Isolating the Faults Considering Cyber-Attack
5.7.2 Detecting and Isolating Faults when considering Cyber-Attack
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Planning Active Distribution Systems Using Formation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Step 1: Defining the Objectives
6.3 Step 2: Defining the Microgrid Topology
6.4 Step 3: System Modeling
6.4.1 Modeling of DGs
6.4.1.1 Dispatchable DG model
6.4.1.1.1 Diesel engine model
6.4.1.1.2 Micro turbine model
6.4.1.2 Nondispatchable DG model
6.4.1.2.1 PV modeling
6.4.1.2.2 Wind turbine modeling
6.4.2 Load Modeling
6.4.3 Energy Storage System Modeling
6.5 Step 4: Network Optimization
6.5.1 Power Flow
6.5.2 Demand Response
6.6 Switch Placement
6.6.1 Objectives of Switch Placement
6.6.2 Methodology of Switch Placement
6.6.3 Discussion
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Overview on Reliability of PV Inverters in Grid-connected Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Power Converters for PV Systems
7.3 Basic Principles of Reliability
7.3.1 Failure Rate
7.3.2 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF)
7.3.3 Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
7.3.4 Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
7.4 Power Module Reliability
7.4.1 Reliability Analysis of IGBT Module
7.5 Capacitor Reliability
7.6 Lifetime Estimation Methods
7.6.1 Parts Stress Method
7.6.2 Lifetime Prediction Methods of Power Devices
7.6.2.1 Coffin-Manson Lifetime Model
7.6.2.2 Coffin-Manson-Arrhenius Model
7.6.2.3 Norris-Landzberg Lifetime Model
7.6.2.4 Semikorn Lifetime Model
7.6.2.5 Bayerer Lifetime Model
7.6.3 Lifetime Prediction Methods of DC-Link Capacitors
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Energy Storage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Installed Capacity in the World
8.3 Application of Energy Storage Devices
8.4 Classification of Energy Storage Devices
8.4.1 A Variety of Storage Technologies in the Chain to Consume Electricity
8.4.2 Electrical storage technologies
8.5 Superconducting Magnetic Storage (SMES)
8.6 Mechanical Storage Method
8.6.1 Storage Pump
8.6.2 Compressed Air Storage
8.6.3 Flight Wheel Storage
8.7 Thermal Storage Method
8.7.1 Reasonable Thermal Energy Storage Systems
8.7.2 Sensible thermal energy storage systems
8.8 Chemical Storage Method
8.8.1 Chemical Storage Systems with Internal Storage
8.8.1.1 Hydrogen storage system (HES)
8.8.1.2 GAT power system: Artificial natural methanation
8.8.1.3 Current batteries
8.8.2 Chemical Storage Systems with External Storage
8.8.2.1 Lithium-ion battery
8.8.2.2 Lead-acid battery
High-temperature batteries (sulfur-sodium)
8.8.2.4 Nickel (nickel-cadmium) battery
8.8.2.5 Status of energy storage technologies
8.9 Storage Cost
8.10 Criteria for Determining Appropriate Energy Storage Technologies
References
9 A Comprehensive Review of Techniques for Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Scalability
9.1.2 Routing
9.1.3 Quality of Service
9.1.4 Safety Measures
9.1.5 Energy/Power Preservation
9.1.6 Node Collaboration
9.1.7 Interoperation
9.2 Intricacy while Deployment of Manet
9.3 Wireless Sensor Networks
9.3.1 Sensor Network Communication Architecture
9.4 Coverage Problem in Sensor Network
9.5 Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Networks
9.6 Overview of Optimization Techniques Employed to Maximize the Lifetime of WSN
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Soft Open Points in Active Distribution Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Concept of SOP
10.2.1 Benefits of SOPs
10.3 Comparison of SOPs with other Power Electronic Devices in Distribution Systems
10.4 Principle and Modeling of SOPs in Active Networks
10.4.1 Mathematical Modeling of SOPs in Distribution Networks
10.5 Classification of Existing SOP Configurations
10.5.1 Two-Terminal Soft Open Points
10.5.2 Multi-Terminal Soft Open Points
10.5.3 Soft Open Points with Energy Storage
10.5.4 DC Soft Open Points
10.6 Planning for Sizing and Placement of SOPs in Networks
10.6.1 SOP Coordinated Optimization
10.6.1.1 SOP Coordinated in Balanced Distribution Networks
10.6.1.2 SOP Coordinated in Unbalanced Distribution Networks
10.7 Operation of SOPs in Distribution Networks
10.7.1 Operation of SOPs under Normal Conditions
10.7.1.1 Control Block Diagram for Power Control Mode Operation of SOPs
10.7.2 Operation of SOP during Abnormal (Supply Restoration)
10.7.2.1 Control Block Diagram for Supply Mode of SOPs
10.7.2.2 Supply Restoration Approaches SOPs
10.8 Conclusion and Future Research Direction
References
11 Future Advances in Wind Energy Engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Airborne Wind Energy
11.1.1.1 Ground-Gen airborne wind systems
11.1.1.2 Fly-Gen airborne wind energy systems
11.2 Offshore Floating Wind Concepts
11.2.1 Floating hybrid energy platforms
11.3 Smart Rotors Technology
11.3.1 Passive and active control systems
11.3.2 Degree of development, challenges and potential smart rotors
11.4 Wind Turbine with TIP Rotors
11.5 Multi Rotor Wind Turbine
11.6 Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines
11.7 Other Small Wind Turbine Technologies
11.8 Wind Induced Energy Harvesting from Phenomena
References
Index
About the Editors
Back Cover