To protect the Earth, China has launched its target of peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 , which greatly encourages the use and development of renewable energy.
Supercritical CO2 power cycle is a promising technology and the radial inflow turbine is the most important component of it, whose design and optimisation are considered as great challenges. This book introduces simulation tools and methods for supercritical CO2 radial inflow turbine, including a high fidelity quasi-one-dimensional design procedure, a non-ideal compressible fluid dynamics Riemann solver within open-source CFD software OpenFOAM framework, and a multi-objective Nelder–Mead geometry optimiser. Enhanced one-dimensional loss models are presented for providing a new insight towards the preliminary design of the supercritical CO2 radial inflow turbine. Since the flow phenomena within the blade channels are complex, involving fluid flow, shock wave transmission and boundary layer separation, only employing the ideal gas model is inadequate to predict the performance of the turbine. Thus, a non-ideal compressible fluid dynamics Riemann solver based on OpenFOAM library is developed. This book addresses the issues related to the turbine design and blade optimization and provides leading techniques. Hence, this book is of great value for the readers working on the supercritical CO2 radial inflow turbine and understanding the knowledge of CFD and turbomachinery.
Author(s): Jianhui Qi
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 309
City: Singapore
Funding Information
Foreword by Jinliang Xu
Foreword by Kuihua Han
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Nomenclature
Roman Letter
Greek Symbols
Acronyms
Subscripts and Superscripts
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Book Overview
References
2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Solar Energy and Concentrating Solar Power Applications
2.3 Background on Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.3.1 Properties of Carbon Dioxide
2.3.2 The Development of Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle
2.3.3 Comparison with Alternative Cycles
2.4 Components of a Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.5 Theoretical Study of Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.5.1 Systematic Analysis of Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.5.2 Heat and Mass Transfer for Supercritical CO2
2.5.3 Dynamic Responses Analysis for Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.6 Experimental Study on Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle
2.7 Preliminary Design for Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbines
2.8 CFD Simulation for Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbines
2.8.1 RANS Simulation
2.8.2 Simulations Techniques for Turbomachinery
2.8.3 Solution for Non-ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics
2.9 Blade Geometry Optimisation
2.10 Gap in Literature
References
3 Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbine Design Performance as a Function of Turbine Size Parameters
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Introduction to TOPGEN
3.2.2 Feasibility Check Criteria
3.2.3 Selection of Test Cases
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Operating Point 1: 100 kW, 160 kRPM
3.3.2 Operating Point 2: 200 kW, 113 kRPM
3.3.3 Operating Point 3: 100 kW, 120 kRPM
3.3.4 Turbine Cases Comparison
3.3.5 Turbine Loss Analysis
3.4 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Development and Analysis of Design Trends for Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbine Nozzle Guide Vanes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Models to Connect Stator Geometry and Flow Properties
4.2.2 Relations Between Stator and Rotor Properties
4.2.3 Accounting for Losses
4.2.4 Finding Matching Rotor Inlet Conditions
4.2.5 Design Space Map Generation
4.3 Verification and Setting Loss Coefficients
4.3.1 Selection of Loss Coefficients
4.3.2 Comparison of Flow Angles Between Analytical Model and CFD
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.4.1 Stator Geometry Calculated, Assuming No Losses
4.4.2 Comparison of Near Optimal Designs
4.4.3 The Effect of Losses on the Stator Shape and Exit Conditions
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Development and Validation of a Riemann Solver in OpenFOAM for Non-ideal Compressible Fluid Dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Numerical Methods and Tools
5.2.1 Simulation Tools
5.2.2 Thermophysical and Transport Models for Real Gas Properties
5.2.3 Non-ideal HLLC ALE Flux Scheme
5.2.4 Real Gas Properties Density Based Solver
5.3 Validation and Verification
5.3.1 2D Simulation for NASA Transonic Air Nozzle
5.3.2 VKI 2D Stator Cascade
5.3.3 Dense Gas Flow over a 2D Backward Ramp
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 Development and Application of a Modularised Geometry Optimiser for Future Supercritical CO2 Turbomachinery Optimisation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Optimisation Methodology
6.2.1 The Modularised Optimisation Strategy
6.2.2 State Vector and Objective Function
6.2.3 The Nelder-Mead Methods
6.2.4 Simplex Transformation Algorithm
6.2.5 Objective Function
6.2.6 Strategy to Reduce Computational Load
6.3 Validation of the Modularised Geometry Optimiser
6.3.1 Case Description
6.3.2 Methodology
6.3.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.4 Examples for Initial Simplexes
6.4 Conclusions
References
7 Multi-objective Optimisation for Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbine Stator
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Motivation for Optimisation
7.3 Methodology
7.3.1 Objective Function
7.3.2 Stator Geometry Generation
7.3.3 Mesh Blocking Scheme
7.3.4 Stator Geometry Parametrisation
7.3.5 CFD Details
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 The Optimisation Paths
7.4.2 Optimisation Focus on the Mach Number Deviation, Msigma
7.4.3 Optimisation Focus on the Deviation of Outlet Flow Angle alphasigma
7.4.4 Optimisation for a Balanced Performance Nozzle
7.4.5 Comparison of Three Different Stators
7.5 Comparison of Convergent Sub-sonic Nozzle
7.5.1 Generation of Conventional Stator Geometry
7.5.2 Simulation of the Conventional Stator
7.5.3 Discussion
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Conclusions and Future Work
8.1 Major Findings
8.2 Summary for Each Chapter with Major Findings
8.3 Future Work and Remarks
A The Validation of TOPGEN on Supercritical CO2 Radial Inflow Turbine Preliminary Design
A.1 Validation Methodology
A.2 Comparison and Discussion
B A Model for Nozzle Guide Vanes Constraints Calculation
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Model Development and Benchmark
B.2.1 Model Development
B.2.2 Benchmark
B.3 Methodology
B.4 Results and Discussion
B.5 Conclusions
C A One-Dimensional Proposed Model for Rotor Blade Natural Frequency Estimation
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Model Development
C.3 The Fitting of the Model
C.4 Summary
D Tools for Tabular Data Generation, Comparison and Error Estimation
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Methodology
D.2.1 Generation of Look-Up Tables
D.2.2 Interpolation of Look-Up Table and Interpolation Errors
D.2.3 Error Evaluation for a Single Look-Up Table
D.2.4 Automated Table Evaluation
D.3 Example - A Look-Up Table for Carbon Dioxide
D.4 Summary and Planned Work
E Calculation Models
E.1 Peng-Robinson Equation of State
E.2 Equation of State Calls
E.3 Models to Calculate the Total Pressure Loss ηp
E.4 Overview of Stator Design Models
