This book explores chemical methods for thin film deposition with diverse nanostructured morphology and their applications. Unlike top-down techniques, chemical methods offer low cost, simplicity, and growth of nanostructured surface architecture with ease of small to large-scale area deposition. The book primarily focuses on innovative twelve chemical methods for thin-film deposition on one platform. Since each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, it is crucial to select the specific method for specific material to be deposited depending upon what type of application is targeted. Due to inclusive of diverse chemical deposition methods, researcher will have knowledge about best choice of the deposition method to be adopted. Inclusive methods discussed in the book are chemical bath deposition, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction, ion exchange, electroless deposition, electrodeposition, hydrothermal, spray pyrolysis, spin coating, dip coating, doctor blade, screen printing, and sol-gel.The selection of the correct procedure for material to be deposited in thin film form depends on its unique process parameters based on the kind of application and its requirement. The role of preparative factors necessary for thin film alters properties related to structure and surface morphology, electrical conductivity and optical band gap which have been extensively discussed along with the underlying science of film synthesis. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of chemical methods for thin film synthesis to applications. In addition to synthesis, the book covers characterization, instrumentation, and industrial application of thin films. As a result, concentrated techniques will be of great interest to university/college professors, students and new engineers as well as postdocs and scientists in the area.
Author(s): Babasaheb R. Sankapal, Ahmed Ennaoui, Ram B. Gupta, Chandrakant D. Lokhande
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 589
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction
1 General Introduction
2 General Difference Between Bulk, 3D, 2D, 1D, 0D
3 General Route for Thin Film Fabrication
3.1 Top Down Approach
3.2 Bottom Up Approach
4 Thin Film Deposition Methods
5 Film Formation Mechanism
5.1 First Principles of Nucleation and Growth: Role of Temperature and Concentration
5.2 Nucleation and Growth
5.3 Effect of Temperature
6 Device Grade Design and Development
7 Nanostructures
8 Brief Regarding Chemical Methods
8.1 Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD)
8.2 Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR)
8.3 Ion Exchange (IE)
8.4 Electroless
8.5 Electrodeposition
8.6 Hydrothermal
8.7 Spray Pyrolysis (SP)
8.8 Spin Coating
8.9 Dip Coating
8.10 Doctor Blade
8.11 Screen Printing
8.12 Sol–gel
9 Applications
9.1 Photocatalysis
9.2 Gas Sensors
9.3 Solar Cells
9.4 Supercapacitors
9.5 Transistors
10 Summary
References
2 Chemical Bath Deposition: Thin Films with Assorted Morphologies
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Set-Up
2.1 Basic Requirements
2.2 Solubility and Ionic Products
2.3 Basic Study of Chemical Bath Deposition Method
2.4 Literature Review
3 Growth/Reaction Mechanisms During Chemical Deposition
3.1 Simple Ion-By-Ion Mechanism
3.2 Simple Cluster (Hydroxide) Mechanism
3.3 Complex Decomposition Ion-By-Ion Mechanism
3.4 Complex Decomposition Cluster Mechanism
4 Effect of Preparative Parameters
4.1 Reaction Bath
4.2 pH
4.3 Complexing Agent
4.4 Precursor Concentration
4.5 Deposition Temperature
4.6 Deposition Time
4.7 Substrate
4.8 Substrate Alignment and Solution Stirring
4.9 Doping
5 Composite Formation
6 Case Study
6.1 Dye Sensitized Solar Cell
6.2 Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cel
6.3 Photoelectrochemical Cell
6.4 Gas Sensor
6.5 Supercapacitor
6.6 Field Emission
7 Advantages of CBD [164]
8 Disadvantages of CBD
9 Summary
10 Future Challenges
References
3 Well-Controlled Nanostructured Growth: Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption And Reaction
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
3 Growth and Reaction Mechanism of SILAR
4 Preparative Parameters for SILAR
4.1 Precursor
4.2 Concentration
4.3 Deposition Temperature
4.4 Number of SILAR Cycles
4.5 Rinsing Effect
4.6 Effect of Substrate
4.7 Doping
4.8 Annealing
4.9 Complexing Agent
5 Advantages of SILAR
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages of SILAR
6 Literature Review for SILAR Method
7 Applications
7.1 Solar Cell
7.2 Supercapacitors
7.3 Gas Sensor
7.4 Other Applications
8 Summary
9 Scope
References
4 Ion-Exchange Method: Nanostructured Thin Films
1 Introduction to Ion Exchange Method
2 Fundamentals of the Ion-Exchange Method
3 Different Theories Regarding Ion-Exchange Method
3.1 Kinetic Factors
3.2 Thermodynamic Factors
3.3 Influence of Solvent and Ligands
3.4 Some Specific Ion-Exchange Reactions
3.5 Parameters for Synthesis of Nanostructured Thin Film
4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ion-Exchange Method
5 Literature Review of Ion Exchange
6 Case Study for the Formation of Thin Film Using Cation-Exchange Method
7 Case Study for the Formation of Thin Film Using Anion-Exchange Method
8 Applications of Ion-Exchange Method
9 Summary and Conclusions
10 Future Challenges
References
5 Electroless Assisted Nanostructured Morphologies
1 Introduction
2 Deposition: Chemistry
2.1 Reaction Kinetics
3 Components of Electroless Bath
4 Role of Electroless Components
4.1 Metal Salts
4.2 Reducing Agents
4.3 Complexants
4.4 Stabilizers
4.5 Buffers
4.6 Bath Temperature
5 Pros and Cons—Electroless Plating
6 Research Developments: A Brief Review
7 Electroless Deposits: Morphology and Applications
7.1 Electroless Ag Nanoparticles: Supercapacitor
7.2 Nickel Nanospike Arrays: Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
7.3 Ni-Co Electroless Deposits: Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
7.4 Ni-Co-P Alloy Thin Film: Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Application
7.5 Bimetallic Phosphide (Co–P): Magnetic Application
7.6 Electroless Copper Plating on Non-conducting Substrates for Other Applications
8 Summary
9 Future Outlook
References
6 Electrochemical Deposition Toward Thin Films
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
2.1 Power Supply
2.2 Electrode
2.3 Electrolyte
2.4 Additives
3 Classification
4 Principle: Thermodynamic and Kinetics of Electrodeposition
5 Mechanism of Electrochemical Deposition
6 Influencing Factors
6.1 Current Density
6.2 Nature of Ions (Anions/Cations) in Solution
6.3 Bath Composition
6.4 Temperature
6.5 Concentration of Solution
6.6 Current Waveform of Power Supply
6.7 Presence of Impurities
6.8 Nature of Substrate Surface (Physical/Chemical)
6.9 PH and Pourbaix Diagram
7 Controlled Morphology Using Electrodeposition
8 Review of Electrodeposited Nanostructures for Applications
8.1 Solar Cells
8.2 Electrochemical Supercapacitor
8.3 Sensors
8.4 Photocatalysis
8.5 Light-Emitting Diode
8.6 Other Applications
9 Advantages and Disadvantages
9.1 Advantages
9.2 Disadvantages
10 Limitations and Future Prospects
11 Summary
References
7 Nanostructured Thin Films by Hydrothermal Method
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background of Hydrothermal Method
2.1 Surface Diffusion
2.2 Nucleation
2.3 Growth of the Nanostructured Thin Film
3 Experimental Setup for Hydrothermal Method
3.1 Autoclave
3.2 Teflon Tube
3.3 Furnace
4 Factors Effecting on Hydrothermal Method
4.1 Concentration of the Precursor Solution
4.2 Deposition Temperature
4.3 Deposition Time
4.4 pH of the Precursor Solution
5 Role of Water
6 Role of the Surfactants
7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrothermal Method
8 Literature Review of Hydrothermal Method
9 Case Study of Ni(OH)2 Thin Film Using Hydrothermal Method
10 Applications of Nanostructured Thin Film Through Hydrothermal Method
11 Summary and Conclusion
12 Future Challenges
References
8 Spray Pyrolysis: Thin Film Coating
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Setup
2.1 Spray Nozzle
2.2 Solution Reservoir
2.3 Precursor Control Knob
2.4 Spray Motion Controller
2.5 Chamber with Exhaust
2.6 Control Unit
2.7 Hot Plate
2.8 Temperature Controller
2.9 Substrate
2.10 Precursor
3 Theory
3.1 Precursor Preparation
3.2 Transportation of Precursor
3.3 Continues Film Formation
4 Effect of Instrumental Parameters
4.1 Flow Rate and Air Pressure
4.2 Precursor to Droplet Formation
5 Evaporation and Precipitation
5.1 Drying and Decomposition or Pyrolysis
6 Preparative Parameters: Case Studies
6.1 Chemical Parameter
6.2 Physical Parameters
7 Literature Review of Spray Deposited Various Materials
8 Application of Spray Pyrolysis
8.1 Energy
8.2 Solar Cell
8.3 Conducting Glass
8.4 Environment
8.5 Electrochromic
8.6 Electronics
9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Spray Pyrolysis
10 Future Scope for Research
References
9 Spin Coating: Easy Technique for Thin Films
1 Introduction
2 Basic Principles and Mechanism of Spin Coating
3 Background of Spin-Coating Parameters
3.1 Spin Speed
3.2 Acceleration
3.3 Fume Exhaust
4 Thin Films Morphology
4.1 Interfacial Interactions and Their Impact on Film Characteristics
4.2 Controlling the Production of Aggregates in Spin-Coated Polymer Films
4.3 The Effect of the Solvent on the Topography of the Surface
5 Effect of Molecular Weight and Dispersion onto Film Thickness
6 Issues in Spin Coating for Rectangular Substrate
6.1 Edge Bead Effects
6.2 Geometrical Effects
6.3 Bernoulli’s Effect
7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Spin Coating
7.1 Advantages
7.2 Disadvantages
8 Applications
8.1 Solar Cells
8.2 Organic Field-Effect Transistors (Organic FETs)
8.3 Sensors
8.4 Supercapacitor Application
9 Summary
10 Future Outlook
References
10 Dip Coating: Simple Way of Coating Thin Films
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Set-Up
3 Growth Kinetics
4 Preparative Parameters
4.1 Immersion Time
4.2 Withdrawal Speed and Temperature
4.3 Substrate Surface and Evaporation
4.4 Concentration
4.5 Temperature
4.6 Density and Viscosity
4.7 Rheology
5 Different Technical Approaches
5.1 Dip Drain Coating
5.2 Angle Dependent Dip-Coating
6 Literature Review
7 Dip Coating: Case Studies
7.1 Dip Coated MWCNTs as Electrode in Supercapacitor Application
7.2 Dip Coated MWCNT as Counter Electrode (CE) in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
7.3 Dip Coated PEDOT:PSS Shell on CdS Nanowires Towards LPG Gas Sensor
8 Advantages and Disadvantages
9 Summary and Conclusions
10 Future Scope
References
11 Screen Printing: An Ease Thin Film Technique
1 Introduction
2 Screen Printing Process
2.1 Types of Screen Printing
3 Essential Constituents of Screen Printing
3.1 Squeegee
3.2 Mesh of the Screen
3.3 Screen Frame
3.4 The Ink
4 Preparative Parameters
4.1 Squeegee Pressure
4.2 Squeegee Speed
4.3 Prior Printing Parameters: Ink-Rheology
4.4 Ink Preparation
4.5 Ink Viscosity
4.6 Yield Stress
4.7 Thixotropic Recovery Rate [23]
4.8 Thermo-Rheology
4.9 Interfacial Rheology
4.10 Counting Mesh and Repeated Printing Time
5 Mask Design
6 Mechanism of Ink Transfer
7 Electrode Printing
8 The Thickness of the Film
9 Drying of Ink
10 Sintering (Firing) Temperature
11 Ink Substrate Interaction
12 Factors Affecting the Morphology of Screen-Printed Thin Film
12.1 Mesh Number (Count)
12.2 Film Thickness
12.3 Binder
12.4 Sintering Temperature and Sintering Time
13 Multi-step and Multi-material Screen Printing
14 Failures Mechanism in Screen Printing
15 Advantages and Disadvantages
16 Applications
16.1 Screen-Printed Electrodes
16.2 Electrochemical (Bio) Sensors
16.3 Transistors
16.4 Solar cell
16.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
16.6 Battery
16.7 Supercapacitor
16.8 Wearable Supercapacitors
16.9 Anti-reflection Coating (ARC)
17 Conclusions
18 Future Perspective
References
12 Doctor Blade: A Promising Technique for Thin Film Coating
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Working Principle
1.3 Strengths and Limitations
2 Equipment and Design
2.1 Doctor Blade (Frame)
2.2 Spiral Film Applicator
3 Process Adjustments: Layer Thickness
3.1 Coating Device: Geometry
3.2 Coating Sol: Rheological Properties
4 Applications
4.1 Solar Cell Developments
4.2 Photonics Developments
4.3 Transistor and Sensor Developments
5 Advantages and Disadvantages
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages
6 Summary
7 Future Prospects
References
13 Sol–Gel Derived Thin Films
1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Approaches
1.2 Literature Review
2 Principles of the Sol–Gel Method
3 Basic Terminology
3.1 Sol Gel
3.2 Growth Mechanism of Sol Gel
3.3 Effect of Preparative Parameters
4 Experimental and Working of Sol–Gel
4.1 Experimental Design
4.2 Particulates of Sols and Gels
4.3 Selection and Optimization of Materials
4.4 Strategies to Improve the Sol–Gel method
5 How to Apply Sol–gel to Get Thin Film
5.1 Dip Coating
5.2 Spin Coat
5.3 Doctor Blade
5.4 Electrodeposition
5.5 Electrospinning
5.6 Blow Spinning
5.7 Spray Coating
5.8 Roll Coating
5.9 Flow Coating
6 Advantages and Disadvantages
7 Sol–Gel Literature Review
7.1 Nanostructure Metal Oxides
7.2 Nanostructure Metal Sulfides
7.3 Nanostructure Metal Telluride
7.4 Nanostructure Metal Selenides
8 Applications
8.1 Solar Cells
8.2 Gas Sensors
8.3 Supercapacitors
9 Conclusions
10 Challenges and Future Scope
References
