This book introduces shield construction risks under mixed face ground condition, analyzes the shield tunneling risks, gives definitions of relevant risks and creates the theoretical system of shield tunneling technology under mixed face ground condition, that is, geology is the foundation, TBM is the key, and people (management) is the essence. The content provides numbers of targeted solutions, such as dual-mode TBM, multi-mode TBM, millisecond delay blasting for boulders, Paste HDN, auxiliary pressure balance tunneling and so on. This book can make researchers who engaged in shield tunneling to get experiences and lessons from it, so as to make the right decision during shield type selection, standardize shield tunneling, take proper action, avoid or reduce construction risks, and minimize casualties and property losses.
Author(s): Weibin Zhu, Shijian Ju, Hui Wang
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 533
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1 Mixed Face Ground Conditions and Composite TBM
1 Origin of the Term Mixed Face Ground Condition
1.1 About “Soft Ground”
1.2 About “Hard Rock”
1.3 About “Mixed Face” (“复合地层” in Chinese)
2 Features of Uniform Ground Condition and Mixed Face Ground Condition
2.1 Uniform Ground Condition
2.2 Mixed Face Ground Condition
3 Limitations of the Early Application of TBM in Mixed Face Ground Condition
3.1 No Unified Standards for TBM Type Selection
3.2 The Lack of Theory for TBM Type Selection in Mixed Face Ground Conditions
2 The Establishment of Theory for Shield Tunneling in Mixed Face Ground Conditions
1 Three Dimensions of the Theory for Shield Tunneling in Mixed Face Ground Condition
2 Geology (Environment) is the Base
2.1 General Geology, Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
2.2 Unfavorable Geology
2.3 Integrated Environment of Ground and Underground
3 Shield Machine is the Key
3.1 Types and Modes of TBM
3.2 Primary Factors for TBM Type Selection
3.3 Requirements for Key Components of Shield Machine in Mixed Face Ground Conditions
4 Human (Management) is the Essence
4.1 Limited Understanding of Human Beings to the Universe
4.2 The Subjective Initiative of People in Construction Management
3 Risk Assessment of Shield Tunneling
1 Current Guides of Risk Assessment and Their Limitations
1.1 Guidelines for Tunneling Risk Management of International Tunneling Association
1.2 Relevant Documents for Risk Assessment of Shield Tunneling in China
1.3 Confusions in Implementing the “Guidelines” and “Codes”
2 Assessment Methods for Predictable Risks in Mixed Ground Conditions with Shield Tunneling
4 Geological Survey and Alignment Optimization
1 Geological Survey
1.1 Geological Survey Methods for Shield Tunneling
1.2 Geological Survey for Shield Tunneling
1.3 Comprehensive Survey for Special Conditions in Mixed Face Geology
2 Alignment Optimization
2.1 Alignment Optimization in Karst Developed Areas
2.2 Alignment Optimization in Granite Corestone Developed Areas
2.3 Alignment Optimization in Mixed Face Ground Conditions with the Holocene (Q4) Paralic Facies Sediments
5 General Configuration of Composite TBM
1 Cutting Wheel
1.1 Structure Form of Cutting Wheel
1.2 Opening Ratio
1.3 Supporting Form of Cutting Wheel
1.4 Wear Resistance of Cutting Wheels
1.5 Special Design of Cutting Wheels
1.6 Typical Cases of Cutting Wheel Failure
2 Main Bearing
2.1 Classification and Working Mechanism of Main Bearing
2.2 Main Failure Forms
2.3 Sealing Structure and Anti-fouling Innovation of Sealing Chamber
3 Cutting Tools
3.1 Classification and Working Mechanism of Cutting Tools
3.2 Configuration Principle of Cutting Tools
3.3 Classification, Causes, and Countermeasure of Disc Cutter Failure
4 Articulation and Tail Skin
4.1 Articulation
4.2 Tail Skin Structure
5 Comparison of Shield Machine Parameters
5.1 Comparison of Shield Shell Diameter and Thickness by Different Geological Conditions
5.2 Comparison of Key Shield Machine Parameters in Mixed Face Ground (Tunnel Outer Diameter 6.4 m)
6 Configuration of EPB Shield Machine
1 Screw Conveyor
1.1 Composition, Classification and Function of Screw Conveyor
1.2 The Design of Screw Conveyors
1.3 Troubleshooting and Countermeasures of Screw Conveyor
1.4 Suggestions for Selecting Screw Conveyors in Mixed Face Ground
2 Additive System
2.1 Working Principle of Normal Foam Injection System
2.2 Selection of Additive System in Mixed Face Ground
7 Slurry Circulation System of Slurry Shield Machine
1 The Direct Control Mode of Slurry Circulation System
2 Slurry Pipeline Zoning and Circulation
3 The Slurry Circulation System with Indirect Control
4 Equipment to Dispose Large Blocky Muck on TBM
5 Slurry Treatment Plant
8 Multi-Mode Shield Machine
1 EPB/Slurry Dual-Mode Shield Machine
1.1 Parallel Connection EPB/Slurry Machine
1.2 Series Connection EPB-Slurry Machine
1.3 The Dual-Channel EPB-Slurry Machine
1.4 Mode Conversion Steps of EPB-Slurry Machine in Tunnels
2 SS-EPB Dual-Mode Shield Machine
2.1 Classification and Configuration of SS-EPB Dual-Mode Shield Machine (SS-EPB for Short)
2.2 Mode Conversion Steps of SS-EPB Dual-Mode Shield Machine in Tunnels
3 Single Shield-Mixed Shield Dual-Mode Shield Machine
3.1 Model Design
3.2 Engineering Cases
4 EPB-Slurry-Hard Rock Single Shield Three-Mode Shield Machine
4.1 Mode Design
4.2 Slurry Circulation Mode Design
9 Tunneling of Large Diameter Shield Machine
1 Overview
2 Selection and Design of Cutting Wheel
2.1 Analysis of Cutting Wheel Selection
2.2 Cutting Wheel Selection
2.3 Design of the Cutting Wheel
3 Prevention of Clogging and Discharge Stagnation
3.1 Shenzhen Chunfeng Road Tunnel
3.2 Wuhan Sanyang Road Tunnel
4 Pretreatment of Boulder and Bedrock Protruding
4.1 Zhuhai Maliuzhou Tunnel
4.2 Shantou Su’ai Harbor Tunnel
5 Future Prospects
10 Formation Mechanism and Solutions for Discharge Stagnation, Clogging and Water Gushing
1 Discharge Stagnation
1.1 Classification and Risks of Discharge Stagnation
1.2 Formation Mechanism and Countermeasures of Discharge Stagnation
2 Clogging
2.1 Formation Mechanism of Clogging
2.2 Countermeasures
3 Water Gushing of EPB Shield Machine
3.1 Formation Mechanism and Risks of Water Gushing
3.2 Countermeasures
4 Secondary Ferro-Plate Sand
4.1 Formation Mechanism of Secondary Ferro-Plate Sand
4.2 Influence of the Secondary Ferro-Plate Sand on Shield Tunneling
4.3 Countermeasures for the Secondary Ferro-Plate Sand
11 Risks and Solutions of Shield Tunneling in Strata with Boulders
1 Risks of Shield Tunneling in Boulder-Developed Ground
1.1 Risk of Schedule Delay
1.2 Risks of Quality
1.3 Risks of Safety
1.4 Risks of Machinery
2 Methods to Dispose Boulders
2.1 Methods to Break up Boulders from Ground Surface
2.2 Methods to Break up Boulders Inside the Tunnel
3 Case Study of Methods to Dispose Boulders in Shield Tunneling
3.1 Project Introduction
3.2 Tunneling Situation Before the Jam of TBM
3.3 Blasting of Boulders
3.4 Auxiliary Technologies for Shield Tunneling After Blasting
3.5 Shield Tunneling Performance in the Blasted Areas
12 Shield Tunneling in Karstic Areas
1 Risk Analysis of Shield Tunneling in Karstic Areas
1.1 Risks of Geological Investigations and the Pre-treatment Measures for Cavity in Karst Developed Realm
1.2 Risks of Shield Tunneling in Karst Developed Zones
1.3 Risks of Karst in the Operation Stage of Tunnels
2 Risk Control of Shield Tunneling in Karstic Regions
2.1 Risk Control Measures in Survey and Design Stages
2.2 Pre-treatment of Karst Caves
2.3 Shield Tunneling Risk Control
3 Case Study of Dual-Mode Shield Machine Crossing Tianma River in Karst Stratum
3.1 Project Overview
3.2 Geology Overview
3.3 Overview of the Shield Machine
3.4 Karst Cave Pretreatment
3.5 Shield Tunneling Process Control
3.6 Shield Tunneling Result
13 Protection of Ground Buildings (Structures) and Treatment Technologies of Underground Obstacles
1 Protection of Ground Buildings (Structures)
1.1 MJS (Metro Jet System)
1.2 Ground Reinforcement by Horizontal Directional Grouting with Long-Distance
1.3 Pre-treatment of Pile Foundation
1.4 Direct Removal of Piles by Shield Machine
2 Treatment of Anchor Rope and Anchor Rod
2.1 Influence of Anchor Rope and Anchor Rod for Shield Tunneling
2.2 Common Methods to Dispose Anchor Ropes and Anchor Rods
3 Passing Through the Drainage Board
3.1 Influence of Drainage Board on Shield Tunneling
3.2 Treating Drainage Board
14 Auxiliary Tunneling Technologies by Using Pressurized Air
1 Mechanism of Auxiliary Compressed Air Balance
2 Application Processes of Auxiliary Compressed Air Mode
3 Application Environment of Auxiliary Compressed Air Mode
4 Advantages of Auxiliary Compressed Air Mode
5 Secondary Risks of Auxiliary Compressed Air Mode
6 Secondary Risk Countermeasures of Auxiliary Compressed Air Balance
15 TBM Tunneling Technologies Through Excavated Tunnel Section
1 Decision Making and Processes of Composite Method
2 Drill and Blast Method Design
2.1 Selection of Cross-Section for Drill and Blast Method
2.2 Design of the Guiding Frame
2.3 Design of the End Wall for Receiving and Re-launching of the TBM
2.4 Counterforce Calculation for TBM Sliding
3 Preparations Before TBM sliding
3.1 Treatment of Overcut and Undercut Areas
3.2 Improvement of Guide Station Construction Quality
3.3 Calculation of Pea Gravel Reservation Inside the Tunnel
4 TBM Entering the Excavated Tunnel by the Drill and Blast Method
5 Key Technologies of Shield Machine Sliding and Segment Assembly
5.1 Control the Saturation of Pea Gravels
5.2 Quality Control of Grouting
5.3 Controlling of Segment Erection During Shield Machine Sliding
6 Shield Machine Sliding Through the Cross Channel
7 Exiting of TBM from Sliding Section
8 Case Study of Shield Machine Passing Throuth the Sliding Section of Guangzhou Metro Line 3 North Extension Yantang-Meihuayuan Section
8.1 Project Overview
8.2 Optimization of Shield Sliding
16 Technologies of Shield Tunneling Along Special Alignment
1 Shield Tunneling Technologies in Small-Radius Curve Tunnels
1.1 Difficulties of Shield Tunneling
1.2 Key Technologies for Shield Tunneling
1.3 Case Study of Shield Tunneling in Zoo-Yangji Section with Small Curves of Guangzhou Metro Line 5
2 Shield Tunneling Technologies for Overlapping Tunnels
2.1 Construction Challenges
2.2 Key Technologies for Tunneling
2.3 A Case Study of Overlapping Shield Tunneling in Tianjin Metro Line 6 Shuishang East Road-Binguan West Road Section
3 Shield Tunneling Technologies in Shallow Subsurface
3.1 Difficulties of Shield Tunneling in Shallow Overburden Condition
3.2 Key Tunneling Technologies
3.3 A Case Study of Guangzhou Metro Line 7 Shallow Overburden Section Underpass Landscape Lake
17 Technologies for Hyperbaric Intervention in Excavation Chamber
1 Intervention Operation
1.1 Active Intervention and Passive Intervention
1.2 Atmospheric Intervention and Hyperbaric Intervention
2 Hyperbaric Intervention
3 Mud Cake
4 Hyperbaric Intervention with HDN Paste
4.1 Preparation
4.2 Muck Replacement
4.3 Staged Pressurization
4.4 Air/slurry Replacement
4.5 Judgment of Intervention Condition
5 Control Points of Hyperbaric Intervention
5.1 Preparations for Hyperbaric Intervention
5.2 Requirement of Intervention Control
5.3 Management Requirements for Leaving the Excavation Chamber
References
