Sheep Veterinary Practice

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Editor
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Veterinary Services to Sheep Farms
1.1 The Role of the Veterinary Practitioner in the Australian Sheep Industry
1.1.1 The Levels of Sheep Veterinary Services
1.1.2 To Move from Generalist Practice to a Higher Level of Service
1.1.3 To Move from Level 2 Services to Level 3 Services
1.2 Important Industry Knowledge—The Elements of a Sheep Production System
1.2.1 Breed, Genotype and Genetic Merit
1.2.2 Production Objectives
1.2.3 Flock Structure
1.2.4 Stocking Rate
1.2.5 Farm Management Calendars
1.2.6 The Business Aspects of Sheep Farming
1.3 Investigations of Disease or Poor Performance in a Sheep Flock
1.3.1 Structure of the Investigation
1.4 Developing a Flock Health Programme
1.4.1 The Reasons for a Flock Health Programme
1.4.2 Delivery of the Programme
1.5 Body Condition Scoring and Its Relationship to Productivity
1.5.1 Usefulness of Body Condition Scoring
1.5.2 Reliability of the Technique
1.5.3 Relationship of Body Condition Score to Health and Productivity
1.5.4 Relationship of Body Condition Score to Welfare
1.5.5 The Use of Body Condition Score Targets
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 2 Welfare of Sheep
2.1 Concepts of Animal Welfare
2.1.1 What Is Animal Welfare?
2.1.2 Sentience
2.2 Sheep Behaviour and Sociability
2.2.1 Social and Predator Avoidance Behaviour
2.2.2 Abnormal Behaviours
2.2.3 Sheep Cognition
2.2.4 Learning
2.3 Sheep–Handler Interactions
2.3.1 Behavioural Handling Concepts
2.3.2 Handling Approaches and Yard Design
2.3.3 Sheep Neglect and Undernutrition
2.4 Husbandry Procedures and Alleviation of Pain
2.4.1 Tail Docking
2.4.2 Castration
2.4.3 Mulesing
2.4.4 Horn Trimming and Dehorning
2.4.5 Assisted Reproduction Procedures
2.5 Thermal Comfort
2.5.1 Heat Stress
2.5.2 Cold Stress
2.6 Welfare Impacts of Key Disease Conditions
2.6.1 Footrot
2.6.2 Mastitis
2.6.3 Lambing Losses
2.6.4 Flystrike
2.7 Humane Killing Techniques and Considerations
2.7.1 Anaesthetic Overdose
2.7.2 Gunshot
2.7.3 Captive Bolt Devices
2.7.4 Neonatal Lambs
2.7.5 Assessing Insensibility
2.7.6 Secondary Killing Methods
2.7.7 Inhumane Methods
2.7.8 Confirming Death
2.7.9 Further Resources on Humane Killing
2.8 Assessment of Sheep following Bushfires
2.9 Welfare Monitoring and Record Keeping
2.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Energy and Protein Nutrition of Grazing Sheep
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Energy and Protein Requirements of Grazing Sheep
3.2.1 Ruminant Digestion
3.2.2 Estimating the Energy Requirements of Grazing Sheep
3.2.3 Maintenance Energy Requirement of Penned Sheep
3.2.4 Maintenance Energy Requirement of Actively Grazing Sheep
3.2.5 Maintenance Energy Requirements of Cold-Stressed Sheep
3.2.6 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Gestation
3.2.7 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Lactation
3.2.8 Guidelines for Managing Pregnant Ewes to Ensure High Rates of Lamb Survival and Lamb Growth to Weaning
3.2.9 Metabolisable Energy Requirements for Growing Weaners
3.2.10 Protein Requirements of Grazing Sheep
3.2.11 Nutrition and Wool Growth
3.3 Nutrition and Management of Grazing Sheep for Good Health and Production
3.3.1 Nutrient Supply from Pastures in Mediterranean and Cool Temperate Climates
3.3.2 Matching Energy Demand with Energy Supply from Pastures
3.3.3 Relative Feeding Value of Legumes versus Grasses
3.3.4 Why Do Legumes Support Higher Levels of Animal Production than Grasses?
3.3.5 Nutrient Supply from Pastures in Subtropical Climates
3.3.6 Feeding Behaviour of Grazing Animals
3.3.7 Grazing and Pasture Management for Sheep Production
3.3.8 Pasture Growth Rate and Phases of Plant Growth
3.3.9 Relationships between Herbage Mass, Nutritive Value of Pasture and Energy Intake in Sheep
3.3.10 Effect of Diet Selection on Pasture Growth
3.3.11 Grazing Management to Optimise Sheep Production per Hectare
3.3.12 Stocking Rate, Stocking Density, Dry Sheep Equivalent and Sheep Production
3.4 Estimating the Digestibility and Total Quantity of Feed on Offer in Grazed Pastures
3.4.1 Assessing Herbage Mass (Or Feed on Offer) in Pastures
3.5 Supplementation of Grazing Sheep
3.5.1 Cost of Supplements
3.5.2 Deciding the Level of Supplementation
3.6 Deleterious Compounds Found in Common Pasture Forages and Invasive Weeds of Pastures
3.7 Recommended Additional Resources
3.7.1 Decision Making in Grazing Sheep Enterprises
3.7.2 Drought Feeding Guide
References
Chapter 4 Clinical Aspects of Trace Element and Vitamin Nutrition
4.1 Copper (Cu)
4.1.1 Physiology
4.1.2 Dietary Sources of Copper
4.1.3 Clinical Signs of Copper Deficiency
4.1.4 Subclinical Copper Deficiency
4.1.5 Seasonal Variations in Copper Availability
4.1.6 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
4.1.7 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
4.2 Cobalt and Vitamin B12
4.2.1 Physiology
4.2.2 Dietary Sources of Cobalt
4.2.3 Pathophysiology of Cobalt Deficiency
4.2.4 Clinical and Subclinical Outcomes of Deficiency
4.2.5 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
4.2.6 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
4.3 Selenium
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Physiology
4.3.3 Dietary Requirements for Selenium
4.3.4 Seasonal Variation in Selenium Nutrition
4.3.5 Signs of Selenium Deficiency
4.3.6 Subclinical Deficiency of Selenium
4.3.7 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
4.3.8 Necropsy Findings
4.3.9 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
4.3.10 Selenium Toxicity
4.4 Vitamin E Deficiency
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Dietary Sources and Requirements of Vitamin E
4.4.3 Clinical and Necropsy Signs of Vitamin E Deficiency
4.4.4 Subclinical Deficiency of Vitamin E
4.4.5 Clinical Pathology and Confirmation of Deficiency
4.4.6 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
4.5 Differential Diagnosis of Myopathy
4.6 Iodine Deficiency (Including Goitre and Hypothyroidism)
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Goitrogens
4.6.3 Hypothyroidism Due to Inadequate Dietary Iodine
4.6.4 Inherited Hypothyroidism and Congenital Goitre
4.6.5 Hypothyroidism Due to the Ingestion of Goitrogens
4.6.6 Development of Hypothyroidism
4.6.7 Effects of Foetal Hypothyroidism
4.6.8 Clinical Signs of Iodine Deficiency
4.6.9 Diagnosis of Iodine Deficiency
4.6.10 Treatment and Prevention of Deficiency
4.7 Iron Nutrition
4.8 Molybdenum Nutrition
4.9 Manganese Nutrition
4.10 Zinc Nutrition
4.11 Investigation of Micronutrient Deficiencies
4.11.1 Clinical Pathology
4.11.2 Response Trials
4.12 Broad-Spectrum Supplementation
4.12.1 Licks and Blocks
4.12.2 Mineral Supplements for Oral Dosing and Risks of Mixing Products
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 5 Reproduction 1: Factors Affecting Fertility and Fecundity
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Role of Reproduction in the Productivity of Sheep Grazing Systems
5.1.2 The Major Factors Influencing Reproductive Rate
5.1.3 The Components of Reproductive Rate
5.1.4 Fertility, Fecundity and Survival Rate of Lambs to Marking Age
5.2 Physiological and Management Factors Affecting Fertility and Fecundity in the Ewe
5.2.1 Photoperiodicity in the Ewe
5.2.2 Effects of Body Weight and Nutrition on Ewe Fertility and Ovulation Rate
5.2.3 Flushing Ewes
5.2.4 Effect of Ewe Age on Fertility and Ovulation Rate
5.2.5 Ovulation without Oestrus
5.2.6 Failure of Fertilisation Due to Maternal Factors
5.2.7 Management of Ewes at Joining
5.3 Abnormalities and Diseases Affecting Ewe Fertility
5.3.1 Phyto-Oestrogenic Infertility
5.3.2 Embryo Mortality
5.4 Factors Affecting the Fertility of Rams Used for Natural Joining
5.4.1 Photoperiodicity in the Ram
5.4.2 Body Weight, Nutrition and Fertility in the Ram
5.4.3 Puberty and Age Effects in Rams
5.4.4 The Age Structure of the Ram Flock
5.4.5 Husbandry Procedures and Ram Fertility
5.4.6 Management of Rams at Joining
5.4.7 Failure of Fertilisation Due to an Inadequate Number of Rams
5.4.8 Failure of Fertilisation Due to Other Ram Factors
5.5 Abnormalities and Diseases Affecting Ram Fertility
5.5.1 Epididymitis Caused by Brucella ovis Infection (Ovine Brucellosis, OB)
5.5.2 Other Causes of Epididymitis
5.5.3 Non-Specific Abnormalities of the Epididymis
5.5.4 Testicular Abnormalities
5.5.5 Other Abnormalities Detected on Scrotal Palpation
5.5.6 Other Lesions of the Male Genitalia
Recommended Reading
General References
References
Chapter 6 Reproduction 2: Ultrasound Scanning for Pregnancy
6.1 The Application of Ultrasound Pregnancy Scanning on Sheep Farms
6.1.1 Reasons for Scanning
6.1.2 The Scanning Procedure
6.1.3 Scanning Windows
6.1.4 Counting Foetuses
6.1.5 Foetal Ageing
6.1.6 The Rate of Scanning
6.1.7 Pathological Diagnoses
6.2 The Reliability and Accuracy of Ultrasound Scanning for Pregnancy
6.2.1 Experienced Scanners and Good Conditions of Scanning
6.2.2 Understanding the Discrepancy between Scanning and Lambing Results
6.2.3 Measures of Accuracy
6.2.4 Studies of Scanning Accuracy
6.2.5 Accuracy of Scanning for Ageing Foetuses
6.2.6 Analysing Accuracy from Lambing Data
6.2.7 If the Number of Lambs Born Is Overestimated by Scanning (Direction of Error Is Lower)
6.2.8 If the Number of Lambs Born Is Underestimated at Scanning (Direction of Error Is Higher)
6.2.9 The Cost of Misclassification
6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Reproduction 3: Disorders of Ewes in Pregnancy and Lactation, Abortion, Prenatal and Perinatal Diseases of Lambs
7.1 Husbandry of Ewes during Pregnancy
7.1.1 Length of Gestation
7.1.2 Nutrition during Pregnancy
7.1.3 Shearing and Crutching during Pregnancy and Lactation
7.2 Disorders of Ewes in Pregnancy
7.2.1 Pregnancy Toxaemia
7.2.2 Hypocalcaemia
7.2.3 Dorsal Vaginal Tear with Evisceration
7.2.4 Vaginal Prolapse
7.3 Abortion and Prenatal Diseases of Lambs
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Campylobacteriosis
7.3.3 Listeriosis
7.3.4 Toxoplasmosis
7.3.5 Chlamydial Abortion
7.3.6 Coxiellosis
7.3.7 Salmonellosis
7.3.8 Leptospirosis
7.3.9 Brucellosis
7.3.10 Ovine Pestivirus
7.3.11 Akabane Disease
7.3.12 Abortion Caused by Histophilus somni
7.3.13 Romulosis
7.4 The Lambing Process and Husbandry at Lambing
7.4.1 Parturition
7.4.2 Normal Ewe and Lamb Behaviour at Birth
7.4.3 The Influence of Lamb Birthweight on Survival
7.4.4 Husbandry at Lambing
7.5 Perinatal Lamb Mortality
7.5.1 Dystocia and Birth Injury
7.5.2 Starvation, Mismothering and Exposure
7.5.3 Minor Causes of Perinatal Mortalities
7.5.4 Post-Mortem Examination of Lambs
7.6 Disorders of the Ewe at Lambing
7.6.1 Dystocia
7.6.2 Uterine Prolapse
7.7 Nutrition during Lactation
7.8 Disorders of Lactating Ewes
7.8.1 Hypomagnesaemia
7.8.2 Undernutrition
7.8.3 Mastitis
7.8.4 Contagious Agalactia
7.9 Lamb Management at and after Marking
References
Chapter 8 Reproduction 4: Investigations of Poor Reproductive Rate in Commercial Sheep Flocks
8.1 Provision of Veterinary Advice about Reproductive Rate in Ewe Flocks
8.1.1 When Will Sheep Producers Seek Veterinary Advice?
8.1.2 What Constitutes a Poor Reproductive Rate?
8.2 Conducting an Investigation of Poor Reproductive Rates
8.2.1 A Conceptual Framework for Investigation
8.2.2 Collecting the History and Examining Records
8.2.3 Analysing and Interpreting Pregnancy Scanning Data
8.2.4 Examination of Ewes Soon after Scanning
8.2.5 Analysing and Interpreting Lamb Marking Data
8.2.6 Examination of the Ewes and Their Lambs Soon after Lamb Marking
8.2.7 Diagnostic Tools
References
Chapter 9 Reproduction 5: Controlled Breeding
9.1 Control of Oestrus and Ovulation
9.1.1 Synchronisation of Oestrus
9.1.2 Advancing the Breeding Season
9.1.3 Oestrus Stimulation in Ewes in Postpartum or Lactational Anoestrus
9.1.4 Increasing Fecundity
9.2 Induction of Abortion
9.3 Induction of Parturition
9.4 Artificial Insemination (AI)
9.4.1 Selection and Preparation of Rams
9.4.2 Collection of Semen
9.4.3 Handling of Semen
9.4.4 Evaluation of Semen
9.4.5 Dilution of Ram Semen
9.4.6 Storage of Ram Semen
9.4.7 Detection of Ewes in Oestrus
9.4.8 Insemination of the Ewe
9.5 Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer (MOET)
9.5.1 Superovulation in Donor Ewes
9.5.2 Mating
9.5.3 Embryos
9.5.4 Transfers to Recipients
9.5.5 Expected Results for a MOET Programme
9.5.6 Schedule for the Preparation of Donor and Recipient Ewes
9.5.7 Storage of Embryos
9.6 Sperm Sexing
9.7 Juvenile in Vitro Embryo Technology (JIVET)
References
Chapter 10 Diseases Caused by Nematodes and Trematodes of Sheep
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nematodiasis
10.2.1 Life Cycles
10.2.2 Survival of Free-Living Nematode Stages
10.2.3 Host Immunity and the Pathophysiology of Nematode Infections
10.2.4 Clinical Signs and Effects on Production
10.2.5 Diagnosis of Nematode Infections
10.3 Anthelmintics and Anthelmintic Resistance
10.3.1 Long-Acting Anthelmintics
10.3.2 Anthelmintic Resistance (AR)
10.3.3 Testing for Anthelmintic Resistance
10.3.4 Refugia
10.4 Epidemiology and Control of Nematode Infections
10.4.1 Patterns of Infection—Winter-Rainfall Areas
10.4.2 Control Programmes—Winter-Rainfall Areas
10.4.3 Patterns of Infection and Control Programmes—Summer-Rainfall Areas
10.4.4 Patterns of Infection and Control Programmes—Uniform-Rainfall Areas
10.4.5 Selection of Resistant Sheep
10.4.6 Nematode Control in Prime Lamb Systems
10.4.7 Biosecurity—Quarantine Drenching
10.5 Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
10.5.1 Life Cycle of Fasciola hepatica
10.5.2 Clinical Signs of Liver Fluke Infection
10.5.3 Epidemiology of Liver Fluke
10.5.4 Control Programmes for Liver Fluke
10.5.5 Flukicides and Resistance
10.5.6 Diagnosis of Liver Fluke
10.5.7 Testing for Flukicide Resistance
Further Reading and Resources
References
Chapter 11 Taeniid Cestodes and Sarcocystis of Sheep
11.1 Taeniid Cestodes
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Life Cycle
11.1.3 Zoonotic Potential
11.1.4 Control of Taeniid Cestodes on-Farm
11.1.5 Taenia ovis
11.1.6 Taenia hydatigena
11.1.7 Echinococcus granulosus
11.2 Sarcocystis spp
11.2.1 Cost to the Sheep Industry
11.2.2 Epidemiology
11.2.3 Control of Sarcocystis spp in Sheep
References
Chapter 12 Management and Diseases of Weaner Sheep
12.1 Weaner Ill-Thrift
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Predisposition to Weaner Ill-Thrift
12.1.3 Factors Contributing to the Liveweight of Weaners
12.1.4 The Association between Liveweight of Weaners and Mortality
12.1.5 The Association between Time of Lambing and Weaner Ill-Thrift
12.1.6 The Association between the Management of the Ewe Flock and Weaner Ill-Thrift
12.1.7 Introduction of Grain Feeding
12.1.8 Regular Provision of Supplementation to Weaners
12.1.9 Age at Weaning
12.1.10 Post-Weaning Management of Weaners
12.1.11 Preventive Medicine Programme for Merino Weaners
References
Chapter 13 Diseases Characterised by Lameness
13.1 Osteodystrophies
13.1.1 Osteoporosis
13.1.2 Osteomalacia and Rickets
13.1.3 Other Causes of Osteodystrophies
13.2 Viral Diseases Associated with Lameness
13.2.1 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (CPD, Contagious Ecthyma, Scabby Mouth)
13.2.2 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
13.2.3 Bluetongue
13.3 Bacterial Arthritis
13.3.1 Fibrinous Arthritis
13.3.2 Suppurative Arthritis
13.4 Bacterial Infections of the Limbs
13.4.1 Post-Dipping Lameness
13.4.2 Strawberry Footrot
13.5 Bacterial Infections of the Foot
13.5.1 Lamellar Suppuration (Toe Abscess or White Line Abscess)
13.5.2 Ovine Interdigital Dermatitis (OID)
13.5.3 Foot Abscess
13.5.4 Footrot
13.5.5 Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis (CODD)
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 14 Diseases Characterised by Sudden Death
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Infectious Diseases Causing Sudden Death
14.2.1 Clostridial Disease of Ruminants
14.2.2 Enterotoxaemia (Pulpy Kidney)
14.2.3 Enterotoxaemia Caused by C. perfringens Types A, B, C and E
14.2.4 Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease)
14.2.5 Malignant Oedema and Swelled Head
14.2.6 Blackleg
14.2.7 Bacillary Haemoglobinuria
14.2.8 Braxy (Bradsot)
14.2.9 Clostridial Vaccines
14.2.10 Recommended Vaccination Programmes for Enterotoxaemia
14.2.11 Anthrax
14.2.12 Other Infectious Diseases Causing Sudden Death
14.3 Intoxications Causing Sudden Death
14.3.1 Poisoning with Inorganic Chemicals
14.3.2 Poisoning with Nitrate/Nitrite
14.3.3 Fluoroacetate Poisoning
14.3.4 Cardiac Glycoside Poisoning
14.3.5 Cyanogenic Glycosides
14.3.6 Green Cestrum Poisoning
14.3.7 Blue-Green Algal Poisoning
14.4 Environmental Conditions Causing Sudden Death
14.4.1 Lightning Strike
14.4.2 Exposure/Hypothermia
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 15 Diseases of the Integument and Eye
15.1 Diseases of the Eye and Eyelids
15.1.1 Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
15.1.2 Entropion
15.2 Bacterial and Viral Diseases of the Integument
15.2.1 Fleece Rot
15.2.2 Dermatophilosis (Dermo, Lumpy Wool)
15.2.3 Actinobacillosis
15.2.4 Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Scabby Mouth, CPD)
15.2.5 Capripox Infection (Sheep and Goat Pox, SGP)
15.3 Non-Infectious Diseases of the Integument
15.3.1 Photosensitisation
15.3.2 Grass Seeds
15.3.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
15.3.4 Burns
15.3.5 Gangrene
15.3.6 Factors Affecting the Value of Sheep Skins
15.4 External Parasites
15.4.1 Flystrike (Cutaneous Myiasis)
15.4.2 Bovicola ovis
15.4.3 Psorobia ovis (Itchmite)
15.4.4 Chorioptes bovis
15.4.5 Other External Parasites of Sheep
15.4.6 Sheep Mites Exotic to Australia
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 16 Diseases with Signs of Neurological Disturbance
16.1 Nutritional Deficiencies and Metabolic Disturbances
16.1.1 Polioencephalomalacia (PE)
16.1.2 Hypocalcaemia
16.1.3 Hypomagnesaemia
16.1.4 Kangaroo Gait
16.2 Infectious Diseases of the CNS
16.2.1 Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia (FSE)
16.2.2 Listeriosis
16.2.3 Brain and Spinal Cord Abscessation
16.2.4 Tetanus
16.2.5 Botulism
16.3 Infectious Conditions Leading to Congenital Neurological Disease
16.3.1 Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease)
16.3.2 Akabane and Aino Viruses
16.3.3 Schmallenberg Virus
16.3.4 Bluetongue
16.4 Non-Infectious Congenital and Inherited Conditions of the Nervous System
16.4.1 Enzootic Ataxia (Copper Deficiency)
16.4.2 Inherited and Possibly Inherited Disorders
16.5 Plant-Associated Toxicoses Causing Paresis, Paralysis and Gait Disturbances
16.5.1 Perennial Ryegrass Staggers, Perennial Ryegrass Toxicosis (PRGT)
16.5.2 Paspalum Staggers (Nervous Ergotism)
16.5.3 Annual Ryegrass Toxicity (ARGT)
16.5.4 Phalaris Staggers
16.5.5 Phalaris Sudden Death
16.5.6 Tribulus spp Staggers
16.5.7 Humpy Back
16.5.8 Swainsona spp Poisoning
16.5.9 Other Plant Intoxications with Signs of CNS Disturbance
16.6 Common Chemicals Responsible for Clinical Signs of Neurological Disease
16.6.1 Urea Toxicity
16.7 Clinical Differentiation of Neurological Conditions
16.7.1 Locomotor Disturbances
16.7.2 Dummy Syndromes and Recumbency
16.8 Exotic Diseases with Nervous Signs
16.8.1 Rabies
16.8.2 Scrapie
16.8.3 Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping Ill)
16.8.4 Coenurosis (Gid)
16.8.5 Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
16.8.6 Visna
16.8.7 Borna Disease
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 17 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
17.1 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Adult Sheep
17.1.1 Gastrointestinal Helminths
17.1.2 Ovine Johne’s Disease (OJD)
17.1.3 Intestinal Carcinoma
17.1.4 Phytobezoars and Trichobezoars
17.2 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Sheep of All Ages
17.2.1 Grain Poisoning (Grain Overload)
17.2.2 Red Gut (Haemorrhagic Enteritis)
17.2.3 Bloat
17.2.4 Enteric Salmonellosis
17.2.5 Diarrhoea of Unknown Cause in Adult Sheep (‘Winter Scours’)
17.2.6 Alimentary Tract Diseases Caused by Toxic Plants
17.3 Gastrointestinal Diseases of Young Sheep
17.3.1 Rotavirus
17.3.2 Coronavirus
17.3.3 Enterotoxigenic E. coli Infection
17.3.4 Cryptosporidium Infection
17.3.5 Coccidiosis
17.3.6 Yersiniosis
17.3.7 Campylobacteriosis
17.3.8 Differential Diagnosis of Scouring in Sheep
17.3.9 Abomasal Bloat of Lambs
17.4 Gastrointestinal Diseases Exotic to Australia
17.4.1 Bluetongue
17.4.2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
17.4.3 Rinderpest
17.4.4 Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 18 Diseases of the Liver
18.1 Liver Damage Caused by Mycotoxins
18.1.1 Phomopsin Intoxication (Lupinosis)
18.1.2 Prevention
18.1.3 Aflatoxin Intoxication
18.2 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Poisoning
18.2.1 Syndromes Caused by PA Ingestion
18.2.2 Chronic Copper Toxicity (Toxaemic Jaundice)
18.2.3 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning following High Dietary or Parenteral Intake of Copper
18.2.4 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning as a Consequence of Low Molybdenum Intake
18.2.5 Chronic (Cumulative) Copper Poisoning following Phytotoxic Liver Damage
18.2.6 Prevention
18.3 Other Diseases of the Liver
18.3.1 Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)
18.3.2 Black Disease (Necrotic Hepatitis)
18.3.3 Hepatic Abscesses
18.3.4 Cobalt Deficiency (White Liver Disease)
18.3.5 Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver)
References
Chapter 19 Diseases of the Urinary System
19.1 Urolithiasis
19.1.1 The Development of Uroliths
19.1.2 Clinical Management of Urolithiasis
19.2 Posthitis, Balanitis, Vulvitis and Vulvovaginitis
19.2.1 Enzootic Posthitis
19.2.2 Ulcerative Balanitis and Vulvitis
19.3 Enlargement of Bulbo-Urethral Glands in Wethers
19.4 Diseases of the Kidney
19.4.1 Congenital Malformations
19.4.2 Immunologically Mediated Glomerulonephritis
19.4.3 Infectious Nephropathies
19.4.4 Tubular Necrosis Caused by Plant and Chemical Toxins
19.4.5 Oxalate Nephrosis
References
Chapter 20 Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic System
20.1 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
20.1.1 Pathogenesis
20.1.2 Epidemiology
20.1.3 Effect on Productivity
20.1.4 Control Measures
20.1.5 Economics of Vaccination
20.1.6 Treatment
20.1.7 Diagnosis
20.2 Causes of Anaemia in Sheep
20.2.1 Infection with Mycoplasma ovis
20.2.2 Haemolytic Anaemia from SMCO-Containing Plants
20.2.3 Anaemia of Lambs from Bovine Colostrum
20.2.4 Bracken Fern Poisoning
Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 21 Diseases of the Respiratory System
21.1 Conditions of the Upper Respiratory Tract
21.1.1 Nasal Myiasis, Oestrus ovis Infestation
21.1.2 Infectious Conditions of the Nasal Cavity
21.1.3 Pharyngeal Trauma (Drenching Gun Injuries)
21.1.4 Laryngeal Chondritis
21.2 Conditions of the Lower Respiratory Tract
21.2.1 Introduction
21.2.2 Enzootic Pneumonia (Ovine Respiratory Complex)
21.2.3 Host and Environmental Factors Which Contribute to the Development of Ovine Pneumonia
21.2.4 The Spectrum of Respiratory Diseases and Nomenclature
21.2.5 Infectious Agents Causing Pneumonia in Sheep
21.2.6 Clinical Findings
21.2.7 Clinical Pathology
21.2.8 Necropsy Findings
21.2.9 Diagnosis
21.2.10 Treatment and Control
21.2.11 Prevention
21.3 Sporadic Conditions of the Lower Respiratory Tract
21.3.1 Parasitic Pneumonia
21.3.2 Aspiration Pneumonia
21.3.3 Lung Abscesses
21.3.4 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)
21.3.5 Tuberculosis
21.3.6 Melioidosis
21.4 Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract Exotic to Australia
21.4.1 Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (OPA, Jaagsiekte)
21.4.2 Maedi
References
Chapter 22 Anaesthesia and Analgesia for Sheep
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Anaesthesia
22.2.1 Preparation of the Sheep for Anaesthesia
22.2.2 Premedication
22.2.3 Induction of Anaesthesia
22.2.4 Maintenance of Anaesthesia
22.2.5 Supportive Care during Anaesthesia
22.2.6 Monitoring during Anaesthesia
22.2.7 Recovery from Anaesthesia
22.2.8 Common Complications during Anaesthesia
22.3 Local and Regional Anaesthesia
22.3.1 Common Local Anaesthetic Techniques
22.4 Analgesia
22.4.1 Pain Assessment
22.5 Peri-Operative Care
References
Index