Shaping Smart Mobility Futures: Governance and Policy Instruments in Times of Sustainability Transitions

Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
List of Contributors
About the Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1-Smart Mobility and Policy Instruments: Broadened Definitions and Critical Understandings
Introduction
A Need for Governance?
What is a Policy Instrument?
Policy Instruments Used to Govern Transport
Towards a Broader Understanding
The Limits of Policy Instruments
Outline of the Book
Conclusions
References
Part I
Chapter 2-Steering Smart Mobility Services: Governance and Accountability Challenges for English Local Authorities
Potential Benefits and Risks of Smart Mobility
Steering Smart Mobility and Local Accountability Arrangements
Local Transport Governance in England
Participant Selection and Interviews
Smart Mobility Developments in England
Findings and Discussion
Future Accountability Regimes
Accountability Barriers
Conclusions: Need for a Rebalanced Narrative and Focussed Action
References
Chapter 3-The Impacts of Automated Vehicles on the Transport System and How to Create Policies that Target Sustainable Development Goals
Introduction
Definitions and Methods
Definitions
Literature Search
Causal Loop Diagrams
Background Literature on Impacts and Needs for Policy Instruments
Freight Transport. Automated vehicles in freight transport are most likely to first be used for long-haulage transport on highways and for industrial transport flows (Flämig, 2016; International Transport Forum, 2017; Kristoffersson & Pernestål Brenden, 2
Summary of needs for Policy Instruments
A CLD for Driverless Assenger and Freight Transport
Analysis of the CLD
Discussion
Reflections from a Sustainability Perspective
CLD as a Collaboration Tool
Conclusions
References
Part II
Chapter 4-Crafting Effective Policy Instruments for ‘Smart Mobility’: Can Multi-level Governance Deliver?
Introduction
What is MLG and Why Does it Matter?
(Dis)advantages of MLG
Delegation, Gaming and the Tactics of Policy Making in MLG
How will New Policy Instruments ‘Test’ MLG Arrangements?
What Policies Need to be Aligned to Enable Smart Mobility?
Case Study Policy Instruments
Transport Taxation and Pricing
Roadspace Allocation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5-Planning Urban Futures for Autonomous and Shared Vehicles: The Role of Planning Support Tools as a Policy Instrument
Introduction
Approach
‘Smart’ Mobility Knowledge and Limitations of Modelling Analyses
Smart Mobility ‘Knowledge’
Limitations of these PSTs to Policy-makers
Data, Inputs, and Model Design
Trip Purpose and Demography
Geographic Variation
Network Capacity Assumptions
Modal Shares and Impact on Public Transport
Transport Demand, Location, and Induced Demand
The Roles for Other PSTs in Shaping ‘Smart’ Urban Futures
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6-Challenges for Government as Facilitator and Umpire of Innovation in Urban Transport: The View from Australia
Introduction
Research Approach
Findings
Private Sector Perspectives
The necessity for regulation? The difficulties of regulating in an environment in which new developments are constantly occurring were acknowledged by all respondents. It was not clear how the emphasis, noted by Hensher (2017), on offering the lowest pric
Maintaining the public good in an atmosphere of partnership – co-production. ­Interviewees, both public and private, understood that partnership between the government and the industry was inevitable given private sector control of technological innovati
Where to Now?
References
Chapter 7-Experimental Governance of Smart Mobility: Some Normative Implications
Introduction
A Policy Instrumentation Perspective on Experimental Governance
Part I: Experimental Governance as a Policy Instrument – Promoting Smart Mobility in Sweden
The Need for Extraordinary Solutions
Learning by ‘Doing’
The Necessity of Collaboration
Part II: Experimental Governance as a Policy Instrument – Normative Implications and the Role of Public Values
The Need for Exceptional Solutions – Some Normative Implications
Learning by doing – Some Normative Implications
Collaboration – Some Normative Implications
Concluding Remarks
References
Part III
Chapter 8-Smart Mobility as a Catalyst for Policy Change Towards Low Carbon Mobility?
Introduction
Policy and Policy Instruments
Catalysts for Policy Change
Smart Mobility as an Exogenous Shock?
Smart Mobility as Policy Instrument(s) for Endogenous Change
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9-Is Governing Capacity Undermined? Policy Instruments in Smart Mobility Futures
Introduction
Analytical Approach
Categorisations of Current Policy Instruments
Nodality Nodality refers to the characteristic of being at the centre. A node is the place where several information channels are crossed and by being in this strategic hub, the state can effectively obtain and disseminate information. Through its nodalit
Authority The state’s authority is based on its ability to require, prohibit, guarantee or permit certain actions. These legally based forms of instruments can be used when the state wants to be sure of achieving a certain effect. At the same time, author
Treasure The state also has the resource of interchangeable property, which primarily entails money. This resource can be used to obtain information, to buy goods or services, to support specific groups as a reward for encouraging certain activities or to
Organisation This resource includes the state’s competence and capacity. It refers to the composition of buildings, equipment and individuals that the state can make use of (Hood & Margetts, 2007, chapter 5). We have found four different categories within
Governing Capacity in Smart Mobility Futures
Individualism: The Transport System Still Centres Around the Private Car
Increased Competition for Nodality. In this scenario, the state’s capacity to govern through mutual dialogue in social networks will likely not change substantially compared to today; nevertheless, there is a chance that the composition of network members
Fees and Legal Compliance Increase Capacity of Authority. The scenario presents a future with more car traffic which means that the governing capacity for taxes and fees related to ownership and use of cars generally increases. The design of the vehicle t
The Need for Road Investments Increases the Capacity of Treasure. In this scenario, there is no indication that infrastructure investments would be less important than today. However, different types of infrastructure investments will likely have differen
A Reactive Organisation with Decreased Capacity. Due to far-reaching individualism and a reduced state mandate in the transport system, we find it likely that the governing capacity of the scope and structure of the state will change. The scenario present
Sharing Economy: The Breakthrough of Shared Mobility
Nodality is Favoured by Positive Attitudes Towards Sharing Information. As in the previous scenario, it is likely that mutual dialogue in social networks will be affected in terms of altered network members and subject areas discussed, for example, MaaS p
Authority Increases but Fees Become Less Important. In this scenario, the governing capacity for taxes and fees in the transport system will likely change. With relatively few privately owned cars and a reduction in the number of kilometres driven, the go
Increased Demand for Road Capacity Strengthens Treasure-based Governing Capacity. In a future with increased concentration of traffic to urban environments, it is likely that the governing capacity of infrastructure investments will be somewhat lower tha
A Proactive and Decentralised Organisation with Increased Capacity. This scenario suggests a stronger state mandate in the transport system, which we expect will increase the governing capacity of the scope and structure of the state. In contrast to the p
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10-Micromobility – Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities
Introduction
E-scooter Regulation
Market failure. While volumes of books and textbooks address market failures and their causes and remedies, we focus here on what appears to be pertinent to e-scooter regulation. This includes externalities, economies of scale and unfair competition.
Use of public space. Across the Western world, commercial use of public space is regulated in one way or another. Although e-scooters may operate in a regulatory no man’s land, as they fall into the categories of both bicycle and commercial service, few e
Societal goals. Beyond the need to address market failures, there are wider political and societal goals of relevance for e-scooter regulation. These goals are related to transport as well as to other policy areas. The most urgent transport-related matter
… And Why Maintain a Hands-off Approach
Policy Instruments and Regulatory Tools
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11-Smart Public Transport in Rural Areas: Prospects, Challenges and Policy Needs
Introduction
The Need for Public Transport in Rural Areas
Challenges and Solutions for Public Transport in Rural Areas
ICT and AVs as a Solution to Public Transport in Rural Areas?
ICT and Rural Public Transport
AVs and Rural Public Transport
Policy Suggestions for New Solutions to Public Transport in Rural Areas
Organisational Changes and Removal of Regulatory Barriers to Integrate Different Services
User-centred Design of Public Transport Services in Rural Areas
Pilot Schemes to Test AVs for Public Transport in Rural Areas
Conclusions
References
Conclusions
Governance and Citizen Participation in Shaping Futures of Smart Mobility
Introduction
Why is there a Need for Policy Instruments?
How are Policy Instruments Developed?
What are Policy Instruments Doing and What Do Smart Mobility Do to Them?
From Rulers to Ruled: Governance in a New Light
References
Index