Shape Memory Alloy Engineering: For Aerospace, Structural, and Biomedical Applications

Front-Matter_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Shape Memory Alloy Engineering
Copyright_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Dedication
Contributors_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Contributors
About-the-editors-in-chief_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
About the editors in chief
About-the-section-editors_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
About the section editors
About-the-contributors_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
About the contributors
Preface-to-the-second-edition_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Preface to the second edition
Preface-to-the-first-edition_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Preface to the first edition
Section-1---Introduction_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Introduction
Chapter-1---Historical-background-and-future-p_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engin
1. Historical background and future perspectives
1.1 Shape memory alloys
1.2 List of acronyms
1.3 Gold-based alloys
1.4 Nitinol
1.4.1 A story
1.4.2 Early commercial developments
1.4.2.1 Pipe coupling
1.4.2.2 Orthodontic wires
1.4.2.3 Other medical applications
1.4.3 A conclusion
1.5 Copper-based alloys
1.5.1 Copper–zinc–aluminum
1.5.2 Copper–aluminum–nickel
1.6 Iron-based alloys
1.7 Shape memory alloy community
1.8 Future perspectives
1.8.1 A status overview
1.8.2 A vision
1.8.3 Other shape memory materials
1.9 Summary tables
Bibliography
Chapter-2---Latest-attainments_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
2. Latest attainments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 List of symbols and acronyms
2.3 Application and production technologies
2.3.1 Joint and fastener applications
2.3.2 Damping systems
2.3.3 Actuators
2.4 Technological process
2.4.1 Powder metallurgy
2.4.2 Additive manufacturing
2.5 Improvement of shape memory alloy properties
2.5.1 Improvement in thermomechanical performance
2.5.2 High-temperature shape memory alloy
2.5.3 Corrosion
2.5.3.1 NiTi-based shape memory alloy
2.5.3.2 Copper-based shape memory alloy
2.5.3.3 Ferrous shape memory alloy
2.6 Overview on modeling
2.7 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-3---Standards-for-shape-memory-alloy-a_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engin
3. Standards for shape memory alloy applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 List of symbols
3.3 International market interest and concern
3.4 American Society for Testing and Materials Standards
3.4.1 The Ni-Ti binary alloy, a catalyst of interest and attention
3.4.2 Shape memory alloy American Society for Testing and Materials references
3.5 Complementary recommendations
3.5.1 Free recovery thermal control method
3.5.1.1 Test setup
3.5.1.1.1 Thermostated bath
3.5.1.1.2 Test specimen and gripping system
3.5.1.1.3 Angle measurement
3.5.1.2 Test execution
3.5.1.3 Deformation analysis of specimen flaps
3.5.2 Stress-induced martensite measurement under strain control method
3.5.2.1 Method
3.5.2.2 Results
3.5.2.3 Results
3.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Section-2---Material_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Section 2 Material
Chapter-4---Phenomenology-of-shape-memory-al_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Enginee
4. Phenomenology of shape memory alloys
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General characteristics and martensitic transformations
4.3 Functional properties of shape memory alloys
4.3.1 Shape memory effect
4.3.2 Recovery stress generation
4.3.3 Superelasticity or pseudoelasticity
4.3.4 Damping capacity
4.3.5 Examples of shape memory alloys
4.4 Porous NiTi
4.5 Magnetic shape memory alloys
4.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter-5---Experimental-characterization-of-sha_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Eng
5. Experimental characterization of shape memory alloys
5.1 Introduction
5.2 List of symbols
5.3 Calorimetric investigations
5.4 Thermomechanical characterization
5.4.1 Thermomechanical tests and parameters
5.5 Complete experimental characterization of thermal and mechanical properties
5.5.1 Test 1: differential scanning calorimetry
5.5.2 Test 2: T 5.5.3 Test 3: T﹥Af
5.5.4 Test 4: fixed stress value
5.5.5 Test 5: cycling
5.5.5.1 Effects of training
5.5.5.2 Effects of mechanical and thermal rates on mechanical response
5.6 Electrical resistance measurements
5.7 Morphology characterization techniques
5.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Further reading
Chapter-6---Manufacturing-of-shape-memory-al_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Enginee
6. Manufacturing of shape memory alloys
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Melting process of shape memory alloys
6.3 Traditional working process of shape memory alloy materials
6.4 Technologies for preparing shape memory alloy products
6.5 Thermomechanical process to optimize the functional properties of shape memory alloys
6.6 Additive manufacturing
6.6.1 Additive manufacturing techniques
6.6.2 Selective laser melting of shape memory alloys
6.6.3 Printability
6.6.4 Transformation temperatures
6.6.5 Thermomechanical behavior of selective laser melting fabricated parts
6.6.6 Heat treatment of selective laser melted NiTi
6.7 Ecocompatibility of shape memory alloys
Bibliography
Further reading
Chapter-7---Fatigue-and-fracture_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
7. Fatigue and fracture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 List of symbols
7.3 Functional fatigue
7.3.1 Shakedown effect
7.3.2 Cyclic stress–strain response
7.4 Structural fatigue
7.4.1 Strain-life approaches
7.4.2 Stress-life approaches
7.4.3 Energy-based approaches
7.4.4 Global versus local damage mechanisms
7.5 Crack formation and propagation mechanisms
7.5.1 Near–crack tip transformations
7.5.1.1 Analytical model
7.5.1.2 Digital image correlation method
7.5.2 Fatigue crack propagation
7.5.3 Fracture toughness
7.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Section-3---Modelling_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
3 - Modelling
Chapter-8---1D-SMA-models_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
8. 1D SMA models
8.1 Introduction
8.2 List of symbols
8.3 Simple nonkinetic models
8.3.1 Single martensite variant model
8.3.2 Multiple martensite variant model
8.3.3 Numerical test cases
8.3.3.1 Material model tests
8.3.3.2 Actuation of a truss structure
8.4 Advanced models with training effect
8.4.1 Strain decomposition and elastic relation
8.4.2 Kinetic rules
8.4.3 Modeling of training effects
8.4.4 Time-discrete model
8.4.5 Algorithmic tangent modulus
8.4.6 Numerical results
8.4.6.1 Shape memory alloy cyclic behavior
8.4.6.2 Two-way memory effects
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter-9---SMA-constitutive-modeling-and-analysis-o_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy
9. SMA constitutive modeling and analysis of plates and composite laminates
9.1 Introduction
9.2 List of symbols
9.3 Three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model for shape memory alloys
9.3.1 Finite strain constitutive model
9.3.2 Small strain constitutive model
9.4 Plate and laminate models for shape memory alloy applications
9.4.1 Finite deformation plate model
9.4.2 Small deformation laminate model
9.4.2.1 Shape memory alloy composite material
9.4.2.2 Homogenization for the nonlinear composite
9.5 Numerical results
9.5.1 Finite deformation analysis of shape memory alloy plates
9.5.1.1 Thermomechanical ring actuator device
9.5.1.2 Thermomechanical spring actuator
9.5.2 Small deformation analysis of shape memory alloy laminates
9.5.2.1 Buckling analysis
9.5.2.1.1 Unsymmetrical laminate
9.5.2.1.2 Symmetric laminate
9.5.2.2 Analysis of a composite laminate
9.5.2.2.1 Laminate subjected to applied moment
9.5.2.2.2 Laminate subjected to transversal load on the free edges
9.5.2.2.3 Laminate subjected to torsional load
9.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-10---Advanced-constitutive-modelin_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineeri
10. Advanced constitutive modeling
10.1 Introduction
10.2 List of symbols
10.3 Three-dimensional macroscopic modeling with internal variables
10.3.1 Martensitic phase transformation
10.3.1.1 Phase transformation
10.3.1.2 Martensite reorientation
10.3.2 Phase-dependent elastic properties
10.3.3 Smooth thermomechanical response
10.3.4 Stress-dependent transformation strain magnitude
10.3.5 Asymmetric forward–reverse transformation
10.3.6 Asymmetric tension–compression behavior
10.3.7 Anisotropy
10.3.8 Plasticity
10.3.8.1 Transformation-induced plasticity
10.3.8.2 Plastic yielding
10.3.8.3 Two-way shape memory effect
10.3.9 Minor loops
10.3.10 Damage and fatigue
10.3.11 Thermomechanical coupling
10.4 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-11---SMAs-in-commercial-codes_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
11. SMAs in commercial codes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Superelastic shape memory alloys within SIMULIA abaqus solver
11.3 Integration of shape memory alloys within COMSOL Multiphysics solver
11.4 Integration of shape memory alloys within ANSYS solver
11.4.1 Constitutive model for superelasticity
11.4.2 Constitutive model for shape memory effect
11.4.3 Supported elements
11.4.4 Results
11.4.4.1 Validation example: superelastic effect
11.4.5 Validation example: shape memory effect
11.5 Integration of shape memory alloys within MSC Nastran solver
11.6 Applications
11.6.1 Aeronautical stiffened panels
11.6.2 Airfoil variable camber trailing edge
11.6.3 Shape memory alloy spring
11.7 Conclusions
Bibliography
Further reading
Section-4---Actuators_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
4 - Actuators
Chapter-12---Design-and-development-of-advanced_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engi
12. Design and development of advanced SMA actuators
12.1 Introduction
12.2 List of symbols
12.3 Classical backup systems
12.4 Advanced actuators
12.4.1 Wave springs
12.4.2 Hollow helical springs
12.4.3 Negator spring
12.4.4 Elastic compensation
12.4.4.1 Compensation concept
12.4.4.2 Rocker arm actuator
12.4.4.3 Buckled beams actuator
12.4.5 Wire-on-drum
12.4.6 Compliant bow
12.4.7 Overrunning clutches
12.4.8 Push–pull rubber block
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Bibliography
Chapter-13---Design-and-industrial-manufacturing-of-_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy
13. Design and industrial manufacturing of shape memory alloy components
13.1 Introduction
13.2 List of symbols and acronyms
13.3 Design of shape memory alloy components
13.3.1 General aspects of design of shape memory alloy components
13.3.2 Graphical method for the design of shape memory alloy–based actuators
13.3.3 Case study for graphical method generalization: rotary actuator design
13.3.3.1 Geometrical model
13.3.4 Shape memory alloy design logic and side considerations
13.4 Manufacturing of shape memory alloy components
13.4.1 General aspects of shape memory alloy components manufacturing
13.4.2 Forming
13.4.3 Heat treating
13.4.3.1 Shape setting
13.4.3.2 Training
13.4.3.3 Annealing
13.4.3.4 Heat treatments summary
13.4.4 Fabricating
13.4.4.1 Machining and cutting
13.4.4.2 Joining and welding
13.4.5 Finishing
13.5 Further developments in shape memory alloy actuators by additive manufacturing
13.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-14---Design-of-SMA-based-structural-a_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engine
14. Design of SMA-based structural actuators
14.1 Introduction
14.2 List of symbols
14.3 Requirements for the design of a shape memory alloy–based actuator
14.4 Design of an shape memory alloy–based integrated system: forces–displacement/stress–strain plane
14.5 Computation of the working points
14.6 Computation of the structural rigidity as perceived by the shape memory alloy element
14.7 Design of an arc shape memory alloy–based actuator
14.7.1 Parameterization with respect to the ribbon inclination
14.7.2 Arc device optimization
14.8 Design of an X-shaped shape memory alloy–based actuator
14.8.1 Actuator modeling and parameterization
14.8.2 X-Shaped device optimization
14.9 Application of model to pure shear load case
14.10 Design approach of a shape memory alloy twist actuator
14.11 Model validation
14.12 Shape memory alloy torsional model implementation
14.13 Conclusions
References
Section-5---Aerospace_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
5 - Aerospace
Chapter-15---SMA-for-aeronautics_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
15. SMA for aeronautics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 List of symbols and abbreviations
15.3 Aeronautical applications: overview
15.3.1 Shape memory alloy activation of Brayfoil morphing wing system
15.4 Morphing flap architecture based on shape memory alloy actuators: design and validation
15.4.1 Process
15.4.2 Morphed target shape and aerodynamic loads
15.4.3 Shape memory alloy–based actuator: design and test
15.5 Morphing architecture based on distributed actuators within the structure
15.6 Morphing architecture based on shape memory alloy actuated rib mechanism
15.7 Morphing architectures comparison and technology readiness level
15.8 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-16---SMA-for-composite-aerospace-stru_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engine
16. SMA for composite aerospace structures
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 List of symbols and acronyms
16.2 Design of shape memory alloy actuators in composite structures
16.2.1 Modeling of actuation effect
16.2.2 Model of interaction of actuator–host structure
16.2.3 Detailed modeling of smart materials
16.3 Technological issues
16.3.1 Materials selection
16.3.2 Interface analysis
16.3.3 Embedding techniques
16.4 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-17---Shape-memory-alloy-applications-fo_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engi
17. Shape memory alloy applications for helicopters
17.1 Introduction
17.2 List of symbols and acronyms
17.3 Scenario, state of the art, and main programs: focus on industrial applications
17.4 Variable twist
17.5 Variable chord
17.6 Variable camber
17.7 Twist control
17.8 Conclusion and further steps
Bibliography
Further reading
Chapter-18---Shape-memory-alloys-for-space-app_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engin
18. Shape memory alloys for space applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 List of acronyms
18.3 Actuators for release and deployment
18.3.1 Hold-down and release mechanisms
18.3.2 Deployment mechanisms
18.4 Other actuators
18.4.1 Actuator for rover Sojourner in Mars Pathfinder mission
18.4.2 Rock splitters
18.4.3 Heat management
18.5 Superelastic devices in space
18.5.1 Superelastic tires
18.5.2 Other superelastic applications
18.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Section-6---Biomedical_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
6 - Biomedical
Chapter-19---SMA-biomedical-applications_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
19. SMA biomedical applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Biocompatibility
19.2.1 Surface properties
19.2.2 Fatigue
19.3 Innovation and medical applications
19.4 Orthodontics
19.5 Orthopedics
19.6 General surgery
19.7 Colorectal surgery
19.8 Otolaryngology
19.9 Neurosurgery
19.10 Ophthalmology
19.11 Urology
19.12 Gynecology and andrology
19.13 Physical therapy
19.14 Other applications: active prostheses and robot-assisted surgery
19.15 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-20---SMA-cardiovascular-applications-and-_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-En
20. SMA cardiovascular applications and computer-based design
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Cardiovascular devices: an overview
20.1.1.1 Catheters and guidewires
20.1.1.2 Embolic filters
20.1.1.3 Stents and stent grafts
20.1.1.4 Others
20.1.1.4.1 Percutaneous valves
20.1.1.4.2 Coils
20.1.1.4.3 Clips for cardiac surgery
20.1.1.4.4 Occlusion devices
20.1.1.4.5 Heart surgery instruments
20.1.1.4.6 Clamps
20.1.1.4.7 Annuloplasty band
20.1.1.4.8 Prosthetic pump
20.1.1.4.9 Nitinol blades for resecting calcified aortic heart valves
20.1.1.4.10 Snare
20.1.2 Examples of computer-based design
20.1.2.1 General-purpose studies
20.1.2.2 Carotid artery
20.1.2.3 Aorta
20.1.2.4 Intracranial artery
20.1.2.5 Superficial femoral artery and renal artery
20.1.2.6 Heart valves
20.2 Conclusions
Bibliography
Section-7---Civil_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
7 - Civil
Chapter-21---Buildings_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
21. Buildings
21.1 Introduction
21.2 List of symbols and acronyms
21.3 Energy dissipation systems: braced frames
21.4 Shape memory alloy–based structural connections
21.4.1 Connections in steel structures
21.4.2 Connections in reinforced concrete frames
21.5 Isolation shape memory alloy–based devices
21.6 Shape memory alloys as reinforcing material in concrete structures
21.7 Case study: shape memory alloy–based hospital building isolation
21.7.1 The shape memory alloy device
21.7.2 Description of case study buildings
21.7.3 Isolation performance
21.8 Case study: shape memory alloy for seismic retrofit of a reinforced concrete school building
21.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter-22---Civil-infrastructures_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
22. Civil infrastructures
22.1 Introduction
22.2 List of symbols and acronyms
22.3 Shape memory alloy–based isolation devices
22.4 Shape memory alloy–based damping devices
22.5 Case study: shape memory alloy devices for a highly dissipative glazed curtain wall
22.5.1 Experimental survey and finite element modeling of facades
22.5.2 Smart material integrated systems
22.5.3 Dissipation performance on two high-rise reference buildings
22.6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-23---Historical-monuments_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
23. Historical monuments
23.1 Introduction
23.2 List of symbols and acronyms
23.3 Structural retrofitting with shape memory alloy
23.3.1 Shape memory alloy devices in series with vertical steel bars for tall and slender structures
23.3.2 Shape memory alloy devices in series with steel ties for walls subjected to out-of-plane forces
23.3.3 Shape memory alloy wires or shape memory alloy devices in series with steel ties for walls subjected to in-plane forces
23.4 Self-rehabilitation using shape memory alloy
23.4.1 Conclusions
References
Further reading
Section-8---Industrial_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
8 - Industrial
Chapter-24---Shape-memory-alloys--SMA--for-automotiv_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy
24. Shape memory alloys (SMA) for automotive applications and challenges
24.1 Preface
24.2 Overview of shape memory alloy automotive applications
24.3 Shape memory alloy prospects in automotive applications
24.4 Feasibility study of a bistable shape memory alloy–based actuator: active grill shutter
24.5 Shape memory alloy adaptive sealings
24.6 Discussion and conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-25---Heavy-industry-and-high-energy-p_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engine
25. Heavy industry and high-energy physics
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Constrained recovery mechanism in shape memory alloy
25.2.1 Generation of recovery stress
25.2.2 Main features of shape memory alloy–based constrained recovery applications
25.3 Applications
25.3.1 Tube and pipe couplings
25.3.2 Fasteners and electrical connectors
25.3.3 Advantages of shape memory alloy couplers and fasteners
25.3.3.1 Main advantages
25.3.3.2 Main disadvantages
25.3.4 Developments in shape memory alloy couplers and fasteners
25.4 Pipe coupling in radioactive environment
25.4.1 Couplers for vacuum systems of particle accelerators: design challenges
25.4.2 Material selection
25.4.3 Thermomechanical analysis of coupling process
25.4.4 Leak-tightness tests
25.4.5 Outgassing tests
25.4.6 Irradiation tests
25.5 Future applications in high-energy physics and heavy industry
25.5.1 High-energy physics
25.5.2 Oil and gas
25.5.3 Thermochemical industry
25.5.4 Aerospace and automotive
25.6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index_2021_Shape-Memory-Alloy-Engineering
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z