Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in men and women. Unfortunately, women have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials, and female animals have been used less or sex was not reported in basic research studies. Until recently, consideration of both sexes was not required in clinical and preclinical studies focusing on cardiovascular diseases. However, the number of clinical and experimental papers dealing with sex differences and heart disease significantly increases during the last years. This trend is obviously the result of at least two facts: the number of examples of different behavior of the male and female heart under physiological and pathological conditions is steadily increasing and there were controversial reports on the beneficial and adverse effect of hormonal replacement therapy. Detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of these differences are still unknown but one is clear already today: sex differences are so important that they should be considered by the selection of optimum diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in clinical practice.
The book presents 16 manuscripts on sex differences of heart disease, as developed by several investigators; the volume is organized in four parts. Part I, dealing with sex differences in cardiac ischemic injury, includes 5 chapters on experimental aspects of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, the role of testosterone, and clinical aspects of ischemic heart disease. Part II is devoted to sex differences in heart failure and includes four chapters. Discussion in this part of the book is centered around the sex differences in heart failure due to volume overload. Part III of this volume includes four papers on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, namely hypertension and obesity, and, finally, three chapters in part IV deal with sex differences of cardiac mitochondria under different pathological conditions. We believe this book will be very useful for cardiovascular scientists, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and other health professionals.
Author(s): Bohuslav Ostadal, Naranjan S. Dhalla
Series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, 21
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 284
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part ISex Differences in Cardiac Ischemia
1 Gender-Related Differences in the Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease
Introduction
Gender-Related Differences in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Heart Disease
Gender-Related Differences in the Diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease
Summary
References
2 Sex Differences in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Introduction
Sex Differences of the Normal Heart
Sex Dependent Tolerance to Experimental Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Role of Hormones in Sex-Dependent Variation in Cardiac Sensitivity to Ischemia
Sex-Dependent Effect of Early Hypoxia on Cardiac Tolerance to Ischemia in Adulthood
Conclusions
References
3 The Roles of Testosterone in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Introduction
The Effects of Testosterone Deprivation on the Heart with Cardiac I/R Injury
The Effects of Exogenous Testosterone Administration on the Heart with Cardiac I/R
The Effects of Exogenous Testosterone Administration on the Hearts of Testosterone Deprived Rats with Cardiac I/R
The Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) on Cardiovascular Outcome in Clinical Reports
Conclusion
References
4 The Influence of Sex and Age on Responses of Isolated Ventricular Myocytes to Simulated Ischemia and Reperfusion
Introduction
Multicellular Models of Ischemia and Reperfusion
Models of IR in Isolated Ventricular Myocytes
Sex Differences in Cellular Responses to IR Injury
The Influence of Age on Cardiomyocyte Responses to IR
Conclusions
References
5 Non-atherosclerotic Acute Cardiac Events in Young Women
Introduction
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Outcomes and Follow-Up
Myocardial Infarction with Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries (Minoca)
Takotsubo Syndrome (TTS)
Conclusions
References
Part IISex Differences in Heart Failure
6 Sex Differences in Contractile Function in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Subsequent to Volume Overload
Introduction
General Characteristics of Cardiac Remodeling and Function in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Sex Differences in Cardiac Remodeling in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure Due to Volume Overload
Role of Estrogen in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Sex Differences in Cardiomyocyte Ca2+-handling Proteins
Conclusions
References
7 Sex-Specific Differences of Apoptosis in Heart Failure Due to Volume-Overload
Introduction
Gender Differences of Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Heart Disease
Gender Differences of Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in Heart Failure Due to Volume Overload
Role of Estrogen in Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Due to Volume Overload
Conclusions
References
8 Sex-Specific Differences in β-Adrenoceptor Signal Transduction in Heart Failure Due to Volume-Overload
Introduction
Gender/Sex Dependent Differences in β-AR Signal Transduction
Gender/Sex-Dependent Alterations of β-AR Signal Transduction in Heart Failure
Role of Estrogen in β-AR Signal Transduction System in Females
Conclusions
References
9 Sex and Heart Transplantation
Introduction
Donor/Recipient Sex Influence on Heart Transplantation Prognosis
Sex Mismatch Influence on Heart Transplantation Prognosis
Possible Physiopatological Mechanisms
Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Primary Graft Failure
Donor and Recipient Age
Undersizing and Oversizing
Urgent Transplant
Conclusion
References
Part IIISex Differences in Risk Factors
10 Sex, Age and Gene Interactions in Cardiometabolic Diseases
Introduction: Insights from Genetic Studies
Genes and Age in Disease Penetrance and Outcomes
Sex, Age and Genes Relative Impact on Phenotypes
Lifestyle, Medication, Disease and Gene Interactions
Conclusion
References
11 Sex Differences in Response to Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Introduction
Influence of Sex in the Response to Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Regulation of Gene Transcription, Apolipoproteins and Atherogenicity by Fatty Acids
Sex-Linked Protective Mechanisms of Fatty Acids Against Cardiovascular Disease
Conclusions
References
12 Nutritional Aspect of Sex-Dependent Difference in Heart Disease
Introduction
Sex Differences in Response to Calorie Restriction and Cardiovascular Disease
Effects of Calorie Restriction and Sex Differences on Endothelial Function
Effect of Calorie Restriction and Sex Differences in Fat Loss
Sex Differences in Response to Hormones and Predisposition to Cardiovascular Diseases
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Hypertension
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Sex Differences in Response to Genes Involving Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Conclusion
References
13 Cardio-Oncology: Preventing Broken Hearts in Women with Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer: An Overview
Chemotherapy Mediated Cardiac Dysfunction
Detection of Chemotherapy Induced Cardiotoxicity
Prevention of DOX + TRZ Mediated Cardiotoxicity
Conclusion
References
Part IVSex Differences in Cardiac Mitochondria in Heart Disease
14 Sex-Related Pathophysiological Differences in Cardiac Mitochondria: Role of Estrogens
Introduction: “A Females’ Thing”
Estrogens and Heart
Role of Estrogens in Heart Mitochondria
Sex-Related Differences in Cardiac Sensitivity to Ischemia/reperfusion Damage
Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) in Heart
Lack of Estrogens Results in Cardiac Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Particularly After I/R
Estrogen Effects on Mitochondrial Permeability Transition and ROS Production After I/R
Other Cardiac Impairments Related to Estrogens Deprivation
Perspectives for Elucidating the Molecular Basis of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disorders
References
15 Cardiac Mitochondria and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury—Sex Differences
Introduction
Mitochondrial Function
Sex Differences in Cardiac Mitochondria
Mitochondria in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Sex Differences in the Sensitivity of Cardiac Mitochondrial PTP to Calcium Load
Conclusions
References
16 Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Antioxidant Gene Expression
Introduction
Redox Stress and Aging
Lifespan and Antioxidant Enzymes
Females are Protected by Estrogens and Live Longer Than Males
Role of Mitochondria in Oxidative Stress-Related Sex Differences
Phytoestrogens Mimic Antioxidant Beneficial Effects of Estrogens
Role of ER in the Beneficial Effects of Estrogens in the Cardiovascular System
Conclusions
References
