Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Bioimaging
1.1 Color
1.2 Colorful Material
1.3 Light Source of Bioimaging
1.4 Subcellular Imaging
1.5 Cell‐Selective Imaging
1.6 Tissue and Organ Imaging
1.7 Whole‐Body Imaging
1.8 Probes in Bioimaging
References
Chapter 2 Chemical Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging
2.1 History of Dyes in Biological Stains
2.2 Blood Cell Staining
2.3 Bacteria Staining Using Gram Method
2.4 Fluorescent Sensors and Probes
2.5 Representative Fluorescent Compounds for Bioimaging
References
Chapter 3 Organelle‐Selective Probes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cell Plasma Membrane
3.3 Endosome and Lysosome
3.4 Nucleus and DNA
3.5 Nucleolus and RNA
3.6 ER and Golgi Body
3.7 Mitochondria
3.8 Lipid Droplet
3.9 Peroxisome
3.10 Cytosol
3.11 Extracellular Vesicle
3.12 Non‐membrane‐Bound Condensate
3.13 Organelle Probes in Live Cells and Fixed Cells
3.14 Modeling for the Organelle‐Selective Probes
References
Chapter 4 Live‐Cell‐Selective Probes
4.1 Protein‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction (POLD)
4.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy1
4.1.2 Neural Stem Cell Probes
4.1.2.1 CDr3
4.1.2.2 CDy5 for Neural Stem Cell Division Monitoring
4.1.3 Tumor‐Initiating Cell Probes
4.1.3.1 TiY
4.1.3.2 TiNIR
4.1.4 Muscle Cell Probes
4.1.5 Pancreatic Cell Probes
4.1.5.1 Pancreatic α‐Cell Probes
4.1.5.2 Pancreatic β‐Cell Probes
4.1.6 Amyloid Probe: CDy11
4.2 Carbohydrate‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction (COLD)
4.2.1 Lectins
4.2.2 Embryonic Stem Cell Probes: CDg4 and CDb8
4.2.3 Gram‐Positive Bacteria Probe
4.2.4 Biofilm Probe: CDy14 and CDr15
4.3 Lipid‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction (LOLD)
4.3.1 Filipin as a Cholesterol Probe
4.3.2 Lipid Droplet Probes
4.3.3 Neuron Probes
4.3.3.1 Nissl Stains as Neuron Body Probe
4.3.3.2 Plasma Membrane Dyes as Neuronal Network Probe
4.3.3.3 NeuO as a Universal Neuron Probe
4.3.4 B Lymphocyte Probe: CDgB
4.3.5 Activated CD8+ Lymphocyte Probe: Probe41
4.3.6 Apoptotic Cell Probe: Apo‐15
4.4 Gating‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction (GOLD)
4.4.1 Cell Imaging Probes through Phagocytosis
4.4.2 Probes Through SLC Transporters
4.4.3 Probes Through Glucose Transporters
4.4.4 Naïve Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy9
4.4.5 Neurotransmitter Mimetic Probes
4.4.6 Astrocyte Probe: SR101
4.4.7 Subtype‐Specific Macrophage Probes: CDg16, CDr17, CDg18
4.4.7.1 CDg16 for Activated Macrophage
4.4.7.2 CDr17 for M1 Macrophage
4.4.7.3 CDg18 for M2 Macrophage
4.4.8 B‐Cell‐Selective Probe Through GOLD Mechanism
4.4.9 Bacteria Probes Through Transporters
4.4.10 Probes Through ABC Transporters
4.4.11 Background‐Free Tame Dye
4.5 Metabolism‐Oriented Live‐Cell Distinction (MOLD)
4.5.1 Substrate for Proteases in Extracellular Matrix
4.5.1.1 MMP12 Substrate for Activated Macrophage Probe
4.5.1.2 Cathepsin S Substrate for Tumor‐Associated Macrophage Probe
4.5.1.3 Elastase Substrate for Neutrophil Probe
4.5.1.4 Granzyme Substrate for Natural Killer and Cytotoxic T Cell Probe
4.5.2 Microglia Probe: CDr10 and CDr20
4.5.2.1 CDr10a and b for Microglia Imaging among Brain Cells
4.5.2.2 Microglia Probe CDr20 through Ugt1a7c
4.5.3 Neutrophil Probe: NeutropG
References
Chapter 5 Ex Vivo Tissue Imaging Probes
5.1 Immunohistochemistry
5.2 Tissue Imaging with Nucleic Acid Probes
5.3 Tissue Imaging with Small‐Molecule Probes
5.3.1 Pancreatic Islet Imaging
5.3.2 Neuronal Tissue Imaging
5.4 Organoid as Model of Tissue and Organ
5.4.1 Blood Vessel 3D Model
5.4.2 Tumor Organoid for Drug Screening
References
Chapter 6 In Vivo Whole‐Body Imaging Probes
6.1 ElaNIR for Elastin Imaging in Mouse
6.2 Probes for Exposed Neuron in Zebrafish Embryo
6.3 NeuO for Whole‐Body Neuron Imaging in Zebrafish
6.4 LipidGreen for Fatty Tissue Imaging in Zebrafish
6.5 Blood Vessel Imaging in Zebrafish
6.6 Probes for Bone Imaging
6.7 Probes for Pancreatic Islet Imaging
6.8 Probes for Eye Imaging
6.8.1 Optical Coherence Tomography for Retina
6.8.2 Fundus Photography for Blood Vessel Imaging in Retina
6.8.3 Neuron Imaging on Retina
6.8.4 Bacterial Infection on Cornea
6.9 Macrophage Imaging in Ischemia and Inflammation
References
Chapter 7 Imaging for Biological Environment and Function
7.1 pH
7.2 Metal Ions
7.2.1 Na+ and K+
7.2.2 Ca2+
7.2.3 Mg2+
7.2.4 Metal Ion Selectivity of Fluorescent Sensors
7.2.5 Iron Ion
7.2.6 Zn2+
7.2.7 Copper Ion
7.3 Metabolites
7.3.1 ATP
7.3.2 NADH
7.3.3 Histamine
7.4 Viscosity
7.5 Temperature
7.5.1 ER Thermometer
7.5.2 Mitochondrial Thermometer
7.5.3 Organelle‐Specific Fluorescent Thermometers
7.6 Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species
7.6.1 Superoxide
7.6.2 H2O2
7.6.3 ONOO−
7.6.4 HOCl and Hypochlorite
7.6.5 Hydroxyl Radical
References
Chapter 8 Imaging for Disease
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cancer Imaging
8.2.1 Imaging by Cancer‐Specific Biomarker Binding
8.2.2 Imaging by Cancer‐Specific Metabolism
8.2.3 Imaging by Cancer‐Specific Transporter
8.2.4 Imaging by the Changed Environment of Cancer
8.2.5 Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC)
8.2.6 Cancer Cell Line for Imaging
8.2.7 Animal Models of Tumor Imaging
8.2.8 Ex Vivo 3D Tumor Culture Model
8.2.9 Clinical Imaging of Tumor for Diagnosis and Prognosis
8.2.10 Intraoperative Imaging of Tumor
8.3 Neurodegenerative Disease Imaging
8.3.1 AD Imaging Through Aβ Amyloid Aggregates
8.3.2 AD Imaging Through Tau
8.3.3 Animal Model for AD
8.4 Inflammation Imaging
8.4.1 Inflammation Imaging by Environmental Changes
8.4.2 Inflammation Imaging Through Immune Cells
8.4.3 Inflammation Animal Model
8.5 Diabetes Imaging
8.6 Liver Disease Imaging
8.7 Aging
8.8 Theranostics
References
Chapter 9 Non‐optical Imaging Probes
9.1 Ultrasound Imaging Probes
9.2 X‐Ray Contrast Agents
9.3 MRI Contrast Agents
9.4 SPECT Probes
9.5 PET Probes
9.5.1 PET Probes for Tumor
9.5.2 PET Probes for Brain Function
9.6 Multimodality
References
Chapter 10 Fluorescence Imaging Techniques and Analysis Methods
10.1 Multicolor Imaging
10.2 Ratiometric Measurement
10.3 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
10.4 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
10.5 Two‐Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging and Harmonic Generation
10.6 Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy
10.7 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy
10.8 Super‐Resolution Imaging
10.9 Single‐Molecule Imaging
10.10 Photoactivation of Caged Molecule
10.11 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
10.12 Flow Cytometry Technique
References
Chapter 11 Perspectives for Future Probe Development
11.1 Design of Selective Probes
11.2 Discovery of Selective Probes by Screening
11.3 Future Probe Development
References
Appendix
Index
EULA