Seeley's principles of anatomy & physiology

Cover......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
Reviewers......Page 19
CHAPTER 1 The Human Organism......Page 20
1.2 Structural and Functional Organization......Page 21
Tissue Level......Page 22
Organism Level......Page 23
1.4 Homeostasis......Page 26
Negative Feedback......Page 27
Positive Feedback......Page 28
Directional Terms......Page 30
Body Parts and Regions......Page 31
Planes......Page 32
Serous Membranes......Page 33
Summary......Page 37
Review and Comprehension......Page 38
Critical Thinking......Page 39
CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Basis of Life......Page 40
Elements and Atoms......Page 41
Atomic Number and Mass Number......Page 42
Electrons and Chemical Bonding......Page 43
Molecules and Compounds......Page 45
2.2 Chemical Reactions......Page 46
Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 48
The pH Scale......Page 50
Buffers......Page 51
Carbohydrates......Page 52
Lipids......Page 53
Proteins......Page 56
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA......Page 59
Summary......Page 61
Review and Comprehension......Page 62
Critical Thinking......Page 63
CHAPTER 3 Cell Structures and Their Functions......Page 64
3.2 Plasma Membrane......Page 65
Diffusion......Page 68
Mediated Transport......Page 70
Vesicular Transport......Page 75
Cytosol......Page 77
Nucleus......Page 78
Golgi Apparatus......Page 79
Proteasomes......Page 81
Centrioles and Spindle Fibers......Page 83
Whole-Cell Activity......Page 84
Translation......Page 85
Mitosis......Page 87
Summary......Page 91
Review and Comprehension......Page 93
Critical Thinking......Page 95
CHAPTER 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes......Page 96
4.3 Epithelial Tissue......Page 97
Classification of Epithelia......Page 98
Structural and Functional Relationships......Page 101
Functions of Connective Tissue......Page 105
Cells and Extracellular Matrix......Page 106
Classification of Connective Tissue......Page 107
4.5 Muscle Tissue......Page 112
4.6 Nervous Tissue......Page 114
4.8 Inflammation......Page 115
Tissue Renewal......Page 116
Tissue Repair......Page 118
Summary......Page 121
Review and Comprehension......Page 123
Critical Thinking......Page 124
CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System......Page 125
Epidermis......Page 126
Thick and Thin Skin......Page 129
Skin Color......Page 130
Dermis......Page 131
Hair......Page 132
Glands......Page 133
Nails......Page 134
Protection......Page 136
Temperature Regulation......Page 137
5.7 Skin Cancer......Page 138
5.8 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System......Page 139
Summary......Page 141
Review and Comprehension......Page 142
Critical Thinking......Page 143
CHAPTER 6 Histology and Physiology of Bones......Page 144
6.2 Cartilage......Page 145
Bone Matrix......Page 146
Bone Cells......Page 147
Spongy and Compact Bone......Page 148
Structure of Flat, Short, and Irregular Bones......Page 150
Intramembranous Ossification......Page 152
Endochondral Ossification......Page 153
Growth in Bone Length......Page 154
Growth in Bone Width......Page 155
6.7 Bone Remodeling......Page 157
6.8 Bone Repair......Page 160
6.9 Calcium Homeostasis......Page 161
6.10 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System......Page 162
Summary......Page 164
Review and Comprehension......Page 165
Critical Thinking......Page 167
CHAPTER 7 Anatomy of Bones and Joints......Page 168
Skull......Page 169
Vertebral Column......Page 178
Thoracic Cage......Page 184
Upper Limb......Page 186
Pelvic Girdle......Page 190
Lower Limb......Page 193
7.4 Joints......Page 196
Fibrous Joints......Page 197
Cartilaginous Joints......Page 199
Types of Synovial Joints......Page 200
Circular Movements......Page 202
Special Movements......Page 204
Shoulder Joint......Page 205
Elbow Joint......Page 206
Hip Joint......Page 207
Ankle Joint and Arches of the Foot......Page 208
7.7 Effects of Aging on the Joints......Page 210
Summary......Page 211
Review and Comprehension......Page 213
Critical Thinking......Page 215
CHAPTER 8 Histology and Physiology of Muscles......Page 216
8.2 Properties and Types of Muscle......Page 217
Muscle Fibers......Page 218
8.4 Sliding Filament Model......Page 221
Ion Channels......Page 223
Action Potentials......Page 224
Neuromuscular Junction......Page 225
Excitation–Contraction Coupling......Page 227
Cross-Bridge Movement......Page 228
Muscle Twitch......Page 230
Strength of Muscle Contraction......Page 231
Length Versus Tension......Page 233
Fatigue......Page 234
Energy for Muscle Contraction......Page 235
Oxygen Consumption After Exercise......Page 236
Fatigue Resistance......Page 237
8.8 Muscular Hypertrophy and Atrophy......Page 238
Types of Smooth Muscle......Page 239
Structure of Smooth Muscle......Page 240
Functional Properties of Smooth Muscle......Page 241
Summary......Page 243
Review and Comprehension......Page 245
Critical Thinking......Page 247
CHAPTER 9 Gross Anatomy and Functions of Skeletal Muscles......Page 248
Nomenclature......Page 249
Muscle Anatomy......Page 250
Facial Expression......Page 253
Movement of the Mandible......Page 255
Tongue Movements......Page 258
Head and Neck Movements......Page 259
Abdominal Wall Muscles......Page 260
Pelvic Floor and Perineum......Page 263
Thoracic Muscles......Page 264
Scapular Movements......Page 265
Arm Movements......Page 267
Forearm Movements......Page 269
Wrist, Hand, and Finger Movements......Page 272
Thigh Movements......Page 274
Leg Movements......Page 277
Foot and Toe Movements......Page 280
Summary......Page 282
Review and Comprehension......Page 283
Critical Thinking......Page 285
CHAPTER 10 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue......Page 286
10.2 Parts of the Nervous System......Page 287
Neurons......Page 288
Types of Neurons......Page 289
Glial Cells of the CNS......Page 290
Glial Cells of the PNS......Page 291
10.5 Electric Signals......Page 292
Concentration Differences Across the Plasma Membrane......Page 293
Establishing the Resting Membrane Potential......Page 294
Changing the Resting Membrane Potential......Page 295
Graded Potentials......Page 296
Action Potentials......Page 297
Refractory Period......Page 300
Propagation of Action Potentials......Page 301
Chemical Synapses......Page 304
Spatial and Temporal Summation......Page 311
10.7 Neuronal Pathways and Circuits......Page 313
Summary......Page 314
Review and Comprehension......Page 316
Critical Thinking......Page 317
CHAPTER 11 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems......Page 318
Meninges of the Spinal Cord......Page 319
Cross Section of the Spinal Cord......Page 321
11.2 Reflexes......Page 323
Stretch Reflex......Page 325
Golgi Tendon Reflex......Page 326
Withdrawal Reflex......Page 327
Spinal Nerves and Their Distribution......Page 328
Spinal Nerves and Plexuses......Page 330
Major Spinal Nerve Plexuses......Page 332
11.5 Brainstem......Page 335
Reticular Formation......Page 336
11.6 Cerebellum......Page 337
Thalamus......Page 338
Epithalamus......Page 339
11.8 Cerebrum......Page 340
Basal Nuclei......Page 342
Meninges......Page 343
Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 345
Names and Functions......Page 348
Trigeminal Nerve and Dental Anesthesia......Page 349
Brainstem Reflexes......Page 355
Summary......Page 356
Review and Comprehension......Page 358
Critical Thinking......Page 361
CHAPTER 12 Integration of Nervous System Functions......Page 362
12.1 Sensation......Page 363
Sensory Receptors......Page 364
Sensory Tracts......Page 365
Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 368
Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 371
Motor Tracts......Page 372
Modifying and Refyning Motor Activities......Page 376
Speech......Page 377
Mathematical and Artistic Abilities......Page 378
Memory......Page 379
12.4 Effects of Aging of the Nervous System......Page 381
Summary......Page 384
Review and Comprehension......Page 385
Critical Thinking......Page 387
CHAPTER 13 The Special Senses......Page 388
Olfactory Epithelium and Bulb......Page 389
Function of Taste......Page 390
Accessory Structures......Page 391
Anatomy of the Eye......Page 394
Functions of the Complete Eye......Page 398
Structure and Function of the Retina......Page 400
Neuronal Pathways for Vision......Page 403
Auditory Structures and Their Functions......Page 408
Auditory Function......Page 414
Balance......Page 417
13.5 Effects of Aging on the Special Senses......Page 420
Summary......Page 421
Review and Comprehension......Page 423
Critical Thinking......Page 425
CHAPTER 14 Autonomic Nervous System......Page 426
14.1 Contrasting the Somatic Motor and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 427
Sympathetic Division......Page 428
Parasympathetic Division......Page 429
Enteric Nervous System......Page 431
Receptors......Page 432
14.4 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 437
General Versus Localized Effects......Page 439
Functions during Activity Versus at Rest......Page 440
Summary......Page 441
Review and Comprehension......Page 442
Critical Thinking......Page 443
CHAPTER 15 Endocrine System......Page 444
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System......Page 445
Transport and Excretion......Page 447
Classes of Receptors......Page 448
Relationship of the Pituitary to the Brain......Page 454
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland......Page 455
15.3 Thyroid Gland......Page 460
Thyroid Hormones......Page 461
15.5 Adrenal Glands......Page 465
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla......Page 466
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex......Page 468
Effect of Insulin and Glucagon on Their Target Tissues......Page 472
Regulation of Pancreatic Hormone Secretion......Page 474
15.8 Testes and Ovaries......Page 475
15.9 Pineal Body......Page 476
15.12 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System......Page 477
Summary......Page 479
Review and Comprehension......Page 481
Critical Thinking......Page 483
CHAPTER 16 Blood......Page 485
16.3 Formed Elements......Page 486
Production of Formed Elements......Page 488
Red Blood Cells......Page 490
Platelets......Page 493
Platelet Plugs......Page 494
Blood Clotting......Page 495
16.5 Blood Grouping......Page 497
ABO Blood Group......Page 498
Rh Blood Group......Page 499
Complete Blood Count......Page 501
Clotting......Page 502
Summary......Page 505
Review and Comprehension......Page 506
Critical Thinking......Page 508
CHAPTER 17 The Heart......Page 509
17.1 Functions of the Heart......Page 510
Pericardium......Page 511
External Anatomy......Page 512
Heart Valves......Page 514
Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart......Page 516
Blood Supply to the Heart......Page 517
Cardiac Muscle......Page 518
Action Potentials......Page 519
Refractory Periods......Page 520
Autorhythmicity of Cardiac Muscle......Page 521
Conducting System of the Heart......Page 522
Electrocardiogram......Page 524
Overview of Systole and Diastole......Page 525
Events Occurring During Ventricular Systole......Page 527
Heart Sounds......Page 529
17.7 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure......Page 530
Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart......Page 531
Effect of Blood Pressure......Page 532
17.10 Effects of Aging on the Heart......Page 535
Summary......Page 536
Review and Comprehension......Page 538
Critical Thinking......Page 540
CHAPTER 18 Blood Vessels and Circulation......Page 541
18.2 General Features of Blood Vessels......Page 542
Capillaries......Page 544
Aging of the Arteries......Page 545
Arteries to the Head and the Neck......Page 546
Abdominal Aorta and Its Branches......Page 550
Arteries of the Pelvis......Page 553
Arteries of the Lower Limb......Page 554
Veins of the Head and Neck......Page 555
Veins of the Upper Limb......Page 558
Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis......Page 560
Veins of the Lower Limb......Page 561
Blood Pressure......Page 565
Blood Flow Through the Body......Page 567
Blood Pressure and the Effect of Gravity......Page 568
Capillary Exchange and Regulation of Interstitial Fluid Volume......Page 569
Nervous and Hormonal Control......Page 571
Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure......Page 573
Long-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure......Page 576
Circulatory Shock......Page 580
Summary......Page 582
Review and Comprehension......Page 585
Critical Thinking......Page 587
CHAPTER 19 Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 588
Functions of the Lymphatic System......Page 589
Lymphatic Tissue and Organs......Page 590
19.2 Immunity......Page 595
Adaptive Immunity Cells......Page 597
Innate Immunity Cells......Page 598
19.4 Innate Immunity......Page 599
Innate Protection Against Extracellular Pathogens......Page 600
Innate Protection Against Intracellular Pathogens......Page 602
Antigenic Determinants and Antigen Receptors......Page 603
Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules......Page 604
Activation of Helper T Cells......Page 605
Antibody-Mediated Immunity......Page 606
Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 611
19.7 Immunotherapy......Page 613
Active Artificial Immunity......Page 617
19.9 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 618
Summary......Page 620
Review and Comprehension......Page 622
Critical Thinking......Page 624
CHAPTER 20 Respiratory System......Page 625
Nose......Page 626
Pharynx......Page 628
Larynx......Page 629
Trachea......Page 631
Lungs and the Tracheobronchial Tree......Page 632
Respiratory Membrane......Page 634
Pleura......Page 635
Lymphatic Supply......Page 636
Changing Thoracic Volume......Page 637
Lung Recoil......Page 638
Changing Alveolar Volume......Page 640
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities......Page 641
Minute Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation......Page 642
Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane......Page 643
Oxygen Partial Pressure Gradients......Page 644
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Gradients......Page 645
Hemoglobin and Oxygen Transport......Page 646
Transport of Carbon Dioxide......Page 648
Respiratory Areas in the Brainstem......Page 650
Cerebral and Limbic System Control......Page 651
Chemical Control of Ventilation......Page 652
Other Modifications of Ventilation......Page 654
20.8 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise......Page 655
Summary......Page 657
Review and Comprehension......Page 659
Critical Thinking......Page 661
CHAPTER 21 Digestive System......Page 663
Tunics......Page 664
Enteric Nervous System......Page 665
Lips and Cheeks......Page 666
Teeth......Page 668
21.5 Pharynx......Page 670
21.6 Esophagus......Page 671
Anatomy and Histology of the Stomach......Page 672
Secretions of the Stomach......Page 674
Movements of the Stomach......Page 677
Anatomy and Histology of the Small Intestine......Page 680
Movement of the Small Intestine......Page 682
Anatomy and Histology of the Liver......Page 683
Functions of the Liver......Page 684
Blood Flow Through the Liver......Page 685
Gallbladder and Bile Storage......Page 687
Regulation of Bile Secretion and Release......Page 688
Pancreatic Secretions......Page 689
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion......Page 690
Anatomy and Histology of the Large Intestine......Page 691
Movement in the Large Intestine......Page 692
Carbohydrates......Page 694
Lipids......Page 696
Proteins......Page 698
Water and Ions......Page 699
Summary......Page 702
Review and Comprehension......Page 705
Critical Thinking......Page 707
CHAPTER 22 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation......Page 708
MyPyramid......Page 709
Carbohydrates......Page 711
Lipids......Page 712
Proteins......Page 713
Minerals......Page 714
Daily Values......Page 717
22.2 Metabolism......Page 718
22.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 719
Glycolysis......Page 720
Aerobic Respiration......Page 722
22.4 Lipid Metabolism......Page 726
22.6 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules......Page 727
22.7 Metabolic States......Page 730
Basal Metabolic Rate......Page 731
22.9 Body Temperature Regulation......Page 732
Summary......Page 737
Review and Comprehension......Page 738
Critical Thinking......Page 739
CHAPTER 23 Urinary System and Body Fluids......Page 740
Location and External Anatomy of the Kidneys......Page 741
Internal Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys......Page 742
Arteries and Veins of the Kidneys......Page 744
23.3 Urine Production......Page 747
Filtration......Page 748
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate......Page 750
Tubular Reabsorption......Page 751
Tubular Secretion......Page 753
Summary of Changes in Filtrate Volume and Concentration......Page 754
Maintaining the Medullary Concentration Gradient......Page 756
Antidiuretic Hormone......Page 757
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone......Page 759
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone......Page 761
Anatomy and Histology of the Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra......Page 762
Micturition Reflex......Page 763
23.6 Effects of Aging on the Kidneys......Page 765
23.7 Body Fluids......Page 766
Water Input......Page 767
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume......Page 769
Regulation of Potassium Ions......Page 772
Regulation of Calcium Ions......Page 773
23.11 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 774
Respiratory Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 775
Renal Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 777
Summary......Page 782
Review and Comprehension......Page 785
Critical Thinking......Page 787
CHAPTER 24 Reproductive System......Page 788
24.1 Functions of the Reproductive System......Page 789
Meiotic Divisions......Page 790
Testes......Page 792
Ducts......Page 795
Accessory Glands......Page 798
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion......Page 799
Effects of Testosterone......Page 800
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sexual Act......Page 802
Ovaries......Page 804
Uterus......Page 809
External Genitalia......Page 810
Mammary Glands......Page 811
Puberty......Page 812
Menstrual Cycle......Page 813
Fertilization......Page 816
Menopause......Page 819
24.7 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System......Page 820
Summary......Page 822
Review and Comprehension......Page 824
Critical Thinking......Page 826
CHAPTER 25 Development and Genetics......Page 827
Fertilization......Page 828
Early Cell Division......Page 829
Implantation of the Blastocyst and Development of the Placenta......Page 830
Neural Tube and Neural Crest Formation......Page 834
Development of the Face......Page 836
Development of the Organ Systems......Page 839
Growth of the Fetus......Page 846
25.2 Labor......Page 848
Respiratory and Circulatory Changes......Page 850
Digestive Changes......Page 852
25.5 Genetics......Page 853
Chromosomes......Page 854
Genes......Page 855
Genetic Counseling......Page 858
Summary......Page 861
Review and Comprehension......Page 863
Critical Thinking......Page 864
A: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 866
B: Scientific Notation......Page 867
C: Solution Concentrations......Page 868
D: pH......Page 869
E: Answers to Review and Comprehension Questions......Page 870
F: Answers to Critical Thinking Questions......Page 871
G: Answers to Predict Questions......Page 883
Glossary......Page 896
Credits......Page 922
Index......Page 924