Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants: Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Chapter 1 Medicinal Plant-Based Metabolites in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Cutting-Edge Applications: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Medicinal Plants and Their Metabolites
1.2.1 Medicinal Value of Plants
1.2.2 Classes of Plant Metabolites and Their Medicinal Values
1.2.2.1 Phenolics
1.2.2.2 Alkaloids
1.2.2.3 Saponins
1.2.2.4 Terpenes
1.2.2.5 Carotenoids
1.2.2.6 Tannins
1.2.2.7 Flavonoids
1.2.2.8 Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
1.2.2.9 Lipids
1.3 Roles of Plant Metabolites in Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.3.1 Roles of Flavonoids in Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.3.2 Roles of Terpenoids in Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.3.3 Roles of Proteins in Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.3.4 Roles of Phenolic Acids in Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.4 Plant Metabolites-Based Synthesis Pathways
1.4.1 Medicinal Plant Metabolites in Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.4.2 Medicinal Plant Metabolites in Carbon-Based Nanoparticles Synthesis
1.5 Applications of Medicinal Plant Metabolite-Mediated Nanoparticles
1.5.1 Antimicrobial Applications
1.5.2 Applications as Antioxidants
1.5.3 Hepatoprotective Applications
1.5.4 Anticancer Therapeutic Potential
1.5.5 Applications in Drug Delivery
1.5.6 Catalytic Applications
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Medicinal Plant-Based Flavonoid-Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Plant-Based Flavonoids and Their Structure
2.3 Flavonoid-Based Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization
2.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles
2.3.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
2.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles Synthesis from Flavonoids
2.5 Application of Flavonoid-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
2.5.1 Anticancer Activities
2.5.2 Antimicrobial Activities
2.5.3 Antioxidant Activities
2.5.4 Catalytic Activities
2.5.5 Other Applications
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Medicinal Plant-Based Terpenoids in Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Applications
List of Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Terpenoids
3.3 Types of Terpenoids
3.3.1 Hemiterpenoids
3.3.2 Monoterpenoids
3.3.3 Sesquiterpenoids
3.3.4 Diterpenoids
3.3.5 Sesterterpenoids
3.3.6 Triterpenoids
3.3.7 Tetraterpenoids
3.3.8 Polyterpenoids
3.4 Terpenoids as Loaded Medicine in Nanocarriers
3.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Using Terpenoid-Based Materials
3.5.1 Noble Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.5.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.5.3 Quantum Dots
3.5.4 Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots
3.6 Biomedical Applications of Terpenoid-Synthesized Nanoparticles
3.6.1 Anticancer Application
3.6.2 Antimicrobial Application
3.6.3 Antibacterial Application
3.6.4 Antifungal Application
3.6.5 Anti-Inflammatory Application
3.6.6 Antiviral Application
3.7 Terpenoids as Renewable Precursors for Polymer Synthesis
3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4 Medicinal Plant-Based Lignin and Its Role in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of Lignin
4.2.1 Chemical Structure
4.2.2 Linkages between Monolignols
4.2.3 Functional Groups
4.3 Type and Extraction of Lignin
4.3.1 Sulphur-Containing Lignin
4.3.1.1 Kraft Lignin
4.3.1.2 Lignosulphonate Lignin
4.3.2 Sulphur-Free Lignin
4.3.2.1 Organosolv Lignin
4.3.2.2 Soda Lignin
4.4 Lignin Nanoparticles Synthesis
4.4.1 Methods for Lignin Nanoparticles Synthesis
4.4.1.1 Ultrasonication Lignin Nanoparticle Preparation Methods
4.4.1.2 Crosslinking/Polymerization
4.4.1.3 Self-Assembly Method
4.4.1.4 Acid Precipitation Methods
4.4.1.5 Electrospinning Method
4.4.2 Factors Affecting the Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles
4.5 Application of Lignin Nanoparticles
4.5.1 Antibacterial Agent
4.5.2 Antioxidant Agent
4.5.3 UV Absorbents
4.5.4 Drug Delivery
4.5.5 Nanocomposite
4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5 Medicinal Plant-Based Alkaloids: A Suitable Precursor for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Various Applications
Abbreviation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Medicinally Important Alkaloids and Their Structure
5.3 Plant-Based Alkaloids, Nanoparticles Synthesis, and Characterization
5.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
5.3.1.1 Rauwolfia serpentina
5.3.1.2 Terminalia arjuna
5.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles
5.3.2.1 Solanum tuberosum
5.3.2.2 Capsicum annuum
5.3.2.3 Chenopodium album
5.3.2.4 Gloriosa superba
5.3.3 Selenium Nanoparticles
5.3.3.1 Trigonella foenum-graecum
5.3.4 Zinc Nanoparticles
5.3.4.1 Aquilegia pubiflora
5.3.4.2 Cayratia pedata
5.3.5 Iron Nanoparticles
5.3.5.1 Euphorbia milii
5.3.5.2 Camellia sinensis
5.4 Applications
5.4.1 Anticancer Activities
5.4.2 Antimicrobial Activities
5.4.3 Antioxidant Activities
5.4.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.4.5 Environmental Remediation
5.4.5.1 Catalytic Activities
5.4.5.2 Removal of Pollutant Dye
5.4.5.3 Heavy Metal Sensing
5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6 Sustainable Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Saponin-Rich Plants and Its Pharmaceutical Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Saponins
6.2.1 Saponin in Plant Extract – Laboratory Test
6.2.1.1 Typical Foam Test
6.2.1.2 Wet Foam Test
6.2.1.3 Dry Foam Test
6.2.1.4 Foam Test for Fresh Samples
6.2.2 Saponin Extraction Techniques
6.3 Synthesis of Saponin-Mediated Nanoparticles
6.4 Applications
6.4.1 Dye Degradation
6.4.2 Pharmacological Activities
6.4.2.1 Antibacterial Activity
6.4.3 Antifungal Activities
6.4.4 Anti-Inflammatory Assay
6.4.5 Antioxidant Activity
6.4.6 Antiacne Activity
6.4.7 Vaccine
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Nanoparticles from Medicinal Plant-Based Carotenoids
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carotenoids
7.3 Structure and Production
7.4 Applications of Carotenoids
7.5 Algae-Associated Synthesis of the Nanoparticle Mechanism
7.6 Green Synthesis of Algae-Based Nanoparticles
7.7 Brown Algae Nanoparticles
7.8 Red Algae Nanoparticles
7.9 Green Algae Nanoparticles
7.10 Green Microalgae Synthesis
7.11 Green Macroalgae Synthesis
7.12 Plant-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.13 Biomedical Uses of Algae-Mediated Nanoparticles
7.13.1 Antimicrobial Activity
7.13.2 Antifungal Activity
7.13.3 Antineoplastic Activity
7.13.4 Uses of Microalgae-Mediated Nanoparticles
7.14 Applications of Plant-Mediated Nanoparticles
7.14.1 Agriculture
7.14.2 Antimicrobial Uses
7.14.3 Use in Water Treatment
7.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Essential Oils from Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Uses of Essential Oils of Plants and Their Important Phytochemical Constituents
8.3 Essential Oils-Based Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Characterization
8.4 Application of Essential Oils-Based Nanoparticles
8.4.1 Antimicrobial Activities
8.4.2 Antioxidant Activities
8.4.3 Anticancer Activities
8.4.4 Catalytic Activities
8.4.5 Miscellaneous Applications
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Medicinally Important Seed Extract and Seed Oil-Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis and Their Role in Drug Delivery and Other Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Medicinally Important Seed Oil Phytochemicals
9.3 Seed and Seed Oil Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization
9.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
9.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles
9.3.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
9.3.4 Carbon Nanoparticles
9.3.5 Other Nanoparticles
9.4 Application of Seed Extract and Seed Oil-Mediated Nanoparticles
9.4.1 Antimicrobial Activities
9.4.2 Antioxidant Activities
9.4.3 Anticancer Activities
9.4.4 Drug Delivery Activities
9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 10 The Function of Medicinally Significant Tree Bark in Nanoparticle Production and Applications
Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dimensions of Nanoparticles
10.2.1 0-Dimension
10.2.2 1-Dimension
10.2.3 2-Dimension
10.2.4 3-Dimension
10.3 Synthesis of Bark Extract-Mediated Nanoparticles
10.4 Antimicrobial Assay of Tree Bark-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials
10.5 Antioxidant Activity Using Tree Bark-Based Nanomaterials
10.6 Anticancer Activity Using Tree Bark-Based Nanomaterials
10.7 Other Applications for Tree Bark-Mediated Nanoparticles
10.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Medicinally Important Plant Roots and Their Role in Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of Phytochemical Content and Therapeutic Uses of Root Extracts
11.3 Nanoparticle Fabrication from Medicinal Plant Roots and Their Characterization
11.4 Applications of Nanoparticles from Root Extracts
11.4.1 Antimicrobial Activities
11.4.2 Antioxidant Activities
11.4.3 Anticancer Activities
11.4.4 Catalytic Activities
11.4.5 Miscellaneous Applications
11.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 12 Medicinally Important Flowers and Their Role in Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Medicinally Important Flowers to Synthesize Nanoparticles
12.3 Application of Medicinally Important Flower-Mediated Synthesized Nanoparticles
12.4 Conclusions and Prospects
References
Chapter 13 Green and Cost-Effective Nanoparticles Synthesis from Medicinally Important Aquatic Plants and Their Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanoparticles
13.3 Organic Nanoparticles
13.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles
13.5 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
13.5.1 Application in Different Fields
13.5.1.1 Applications in Medicine
13.5.1.2 Applications in Electronics
13.5.1.3 Applications in the Environment
13.5.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
13.5.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Map
13.6 Medicinally Important Aquatic Plants
13.6.1 Medical Applications of Aquatic Plants
13.6.2 Aquatic Plant-Mediated Nanoparticles
13.6.2.1 Macroalgae-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6.2.2 Aquatic Pteridophytes-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6.2.3 Aquatic Bryophyte-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6.2.4 Aquatic Angiosperms-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6.2.5 Cyanobacteria (Spirulina sp.)-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6.2.6 Unicellular Algae (Chlorella sp.)-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Medicinally Important Desert Plants and Their Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Plant-Derived Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Characterization
14.3 Different Types of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles
14.4 Procedure
14.4.1 Requirements
14.4.2 Root Extracts Preparation
14.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis
14.5 Outcome
14.5.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
14.6 Applications of Plant-Derived Nanoparticles
14.6.1 A General Idea of the Nanoparticles Derived from Plants and Their Potential Applications
14.6.1.1 Anticancer Potential
14.6.1.2 Antimicrobial Potential
14.6.1.3 Effects of Antioxidants
14.6.1.4 Agricultural Applications
14.7 Future Prospects of Rhazya Molecules
14.8 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 15 Green and Cost-Effective Nanoparticles Synthesis from Some Frequently Used Medicinal Plants and Their Various Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanoparticles Fabrication from Frequently Used Medicinal Plants and Their Characterization
15.2.1 Ocimum tenuiflorum
15.2.2 Aloe vera
15.2.3 Tanacetum parthenium
15.2.4 Allium sativum
15.2.5 Zingiber officinale
15.2.6 Curcuma longa
15.2.7 Cinnamomum verum
15.2.8 Mentha piperita
15.2.9 Azadirachta indica
15.2.10 Tagetes
15.3 Applications of Nanoparticles
15.3.1 Antimicrobial Activities
15.3.2 Antioxidant Activities
15.3.3 Anticancer Activities
15.3.4 Catalytic Activities
15.3.5 Miscellaneous Applications
15.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 16 Aromatic Oils from Medicinal Plants and Their Role in Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Method of Aromatic Oil Extraction from Herbal Plants
16.3 Aromatic Oil-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications
16.4 Nanoparticles and Wastewater Treatment
16.5 Nanoparticles and Drugs
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index