Secondary Agriculture: Sustainability and Livelihood in India

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This book on ‘Secondary Agriculture’ discusses the goal of doubling farmers’ incomes. The term ‘secondary’ has a bearing on climate change adaptation and its mitigation, small farm viability and profitability, food security, nutrition, sustainable utilization of natural resources, and optimal usage of produce from primary agriculture and farm incomes. Promoting secondary agriculture has implications on attaining sustainable development goals, which aim to connect primary, secondary and tertiary sectors by using slack/idle factors of production, such as land and labour, contributing to primary agriculture production, capturing ‘value’ in primary agricultural activities, and generating additional income at the enterprise level.

In context to same, the chapters of this book have been designed to promote secondary agriculture through low-cost skills and technology applications in agriculture and by upscaling knowledge via integrating primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of agriculture. The motivation behind this book is to address the challenges of biotic and abiotic stresses facing the farming community; to increase farmers income through low-cost skills and technology applications in agriculture; to upscale knowledge by integrating primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of agriculture.  

The food processing sector in India is still in a nascent stage with only 8 per cent of the produce being processed as against 80-98 per cent in case of high-income countries (Government of India, 2008, 2010). The food processing sector is now receiving the boost with the annual growth of 13.2 per cent in registered food processing units during 2004-10 (Government of India, 2011). Against this backdrop, there is a strong need to strategically handle the situation in order to facilitate a self-sustainable and long-run growth of the sector, which is felt possible by focusing on Secondary Agriculture. Though not a panacea for all ailments of the primary sector, but it can definitely drive the growth.

Author(s): F. A. Bahar, M. Anwar Bhat, Syed Sheraz Mahdi
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 212
City: Cham

Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Linkage Between Primary and Secondary Agriculture: Role of High-Value Field Crops in Increasing Farmers’ Income
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 High-Value Field Crops and Secondary Agriculture
1.1.2 High-Value Rice and Rice Products
1.1.3 High-Value Specialty Corns
1.1.3.1 Sweet Corn
1.1.3.2 Baby Corn
1.1.3.3 Popcorn
References
Chapter 2: Temperate Aromatic Rices: Management for Improving Productivity, Farmer’s Income and Livelihood Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Selection of Variety
2.3 Establishing an Optimum Plant Density
2.4 Planting Time
2.5 Balanced Nutrient Management
2.6 Zinc and Silicon
2.7 Water Management
2.8 Weed Management
References
Chapter 3: New Innovations in Agriculture: A Way Forward for Enhancing Agricultural Production and Productivity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Socioeconomic Challenges Facing Global Agriculture
3.3 Declining Terms of Trade Affecting Agriculture
3.4 Food Insecurity, Poverty, and Malnutrition in LDCs
3.5 Environmental and Ecological Sustainability and Welfare Issues
3.6 Impact of Technological Innovation in Agriculture
3.7 Remote Sensing and GIS
3.8 Role of Nanotechnology and Its Impact
3.9 Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact
3.10 Advantage of Implementing AI in Agriculture
3.11 Forecasted Weathered Data
3.12 Monitoring Crop and Soil Health
3.13 Decreasing Pesticide Dosage
3.14 What Are the Technical Challenges That the Global Agriculture Faces?
3.14.1 Profitability of Small-Scale Farm Mechanization
3.14.2 Farming of Marginal Lands and Fragile Ecosystems
3.14.3 Traceability of Agricultural Supply Chain
3.14.4 Sustainability of Agriculture
3.15 Reforms in Agricultural Curriculum and Research Agenda
References
Chapter 4: Integrated Farming Systems for Doubling Farmers’ Income
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Prototype IFS Models
4.3 Diversification of Components for Higher Income
4.4 Rice + Vegetable + Fodder + Fish Systems for High Rainfall and Waterlogged Areas
4.5 Complementary Benefits
4.6 Key Actions for Successful IFS
4.6.1 Diversity
4.6.2 Recycling
4.6.3 Aggregation and Value Addition
4.7 Implementation
4.8 Prototype Model at Each Block
4.9 Implementing Agencies/Departments
4.10 Convergence of Schemes for Scaling-Up
References
Chapter 5: Integrated Farming Systems: Research, Extension and Scope in Punjab
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Difference Between IFS and Mixed Farming
5.3 Basic Goals of Integrated Farming System
5.4 Need for Integrating Farming System
5.5 Principles of Integrated Farming System
5.6 Present Scenario of Integrated Farming System
5.7 Integrated Farming Systems for Different Agro-climatic Zones of India
5.8 Components of Integrated Farming System
5.9 Success Stories of Integrated Farming System
5.10 Integrated Farming System Model at Punjab Agricultural University (Ludhiana)
5.11 Merits in Integrated Farming System
5.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Specialty Food Crops: An Alternate Way for Increasing Farmers’ Income
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Speciality Crops in India
6.2.1 Maize
6.2.1.1 Baby Corn
6.2.1.2 Characteristics, Nutritional Value and Uses of Baby Corn
6.2.1.3 Nutritional Value
6.2.1.4 Baby Corn: Primary or Secondary Crop
6.2.1.5 Maturity Indices and Harvest
6.2.1.6 Post-harvest Management
6.2.1.7 Storage and Processing
6.2.1.8 Prescribed Quality Standards
6.2.1.8.1 Extra Class
6.2.1.8.2 Class I
6.2.1.8.3 Class II
6.2.1.8.4 Presentation
6.2.1.8.5 Grade Tolerances
6.2.1.8.6 Provisions Concerning Sizing
6.2.1.9 Conclusion
6.2.2 Sweet Corn
6.2.3 Rice
6.2.3.1 Pigmented Rice
6.2.3.2 White Rice
6.2.3.3 Coloured Rice
6.2.3.4 Medicinal Uses of Coloured Rice
6.2.3.5 GI-Tagged Rice
6.2.4 Millets
6.3 Specialty Crop Markets
6.4 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Prospects of Crop Residues in Secondary Agriculture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Prospects of Crop Residues in Secondary Agriculture
7.2.1 Crop Residue as a Fortified Livestock Feed
7.2.2 Crop Residue as a Fortified Compost
7.2.3 Crop Residue as Biofuel
7.2.4 Crop Residue in Vermicomposting
7.2.5 Crop Residue as Biochar
7.2.6 Crop Residue in Mushroom Production Technology
7.2.7 Crop Residue as a Packaging Material
7.2.8 Other Uses of Crop Residues
7.3 Limitations
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Marketing of Agricultural Produce in India: Problems and Prospects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cooperative Movement in India
8.3 The Development of Cooperative Marketing
8.4 Need for Reforms in Agricultural Marketing
8.5 Importance of Market/Marketing Infrastructure
8.6 Recently Enacted Farm Laws 2020
8.7 Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Bill 2020
8.8 Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Bill 2020
8.9 Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act 2020
8.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Biochar: A New Emerging Tool to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses and Its Effect on Soil Properties
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biochar Production
9.3 Effect of Biochar on Soil Properties
9.3.1 Chemical Properties
9.3.1.1 Effect of Biochar on pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
9.3.1.2 Effect of Biochar on Organic Carbon Content
9.3.2 Physical Properties
9.3.2.1 Effect of Biochar on Soil Porosity
9.3.2.2 The Effect of Biochar on Bulk Density, Water Holding Capacity and Water Droplet Penetration Time
9.4 Biochar and Abiotic Stress
9.4.1 Biochar and Salinity
9.4.2 Biochar and Drought Stress
9.4.3 Biochar and Heavy Metal Stress
9.5 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Effective Microbial Consortia for Rapid Management of Organic Solid Wastes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composting of Organic Solid Waste
10.3 Different Factors Affecting the Process of Composting
10.3.1 Moisture Content
10.3.2 pH
10.3.3 C/N Ratio
10.3.4 Temperature
10.3.5 Aeration or O2 Supply
10.3.6 Particle Size and Bulk Density
10.4 Effect of Microbial Consortia/Agents on Rate of Composting Process
10.5 Role of Microbial Inoculants/Agents in Improving Compost Quality
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Food Crops
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges
11.3 Secondary Agriculture
11.4 Post-harvest Losses and Current Scenario of Post-harvest Management
11.5 Need for Better Post-harvest Management in Fruits and Vegetables
11.6 Research and Development in PHM
11.7 Maturity
11.8 Harvesting and Grading
11.9 Fruit Grading in India
11.10 Packing
11.11 Alternative Packages: Today, Our Country Has a Wide Range of Package Materials
11.12 Storage
11.13 The Cold Chain Concept
11.14 Controlled Atmosphere Storage
11.15 Irradiation
11.16 Marketing
11.17 Market Intelligence
11.18 Export
11.19 Value Addition
11.20 Summary and Future Strategies
11.21 Future Strategies for Research and Development on PHM
11.22 Post-harvest Management of Cereals
11.23 Post-harvest Treatment for Storage of Cereals
11.24 Primary Processing
11.25 Ingredients
11.26 Flour
11.27 Wheat Flour
11.28 Non-wheat Flours
11.29 Different Types of Wheat Flour
11.30 Maize
11.31 Paddy
11.32 Millet
11.33 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Role of Botanicals in Integrated Pest Management for Sustained Crop Production
12.1 Background
12.2 Origin of Botanical Pesticides
12.3 Botanical Pesticides and Integrated Pest Management
12.4 Composition of Botanical Pesticides
12.5 Mechanisms of Actions
12.5.1 Mode of Action Against Insect Pests
12.5.2 Mode of Action Against Fungal Pathogens
12.5.3 Mode of Action on Bacterial Pathogens
12.5.4 Mode of Action on Nematode Pests
12.5.5 Mode of Action on Virus Pathogens
12.6 Pesticidal Toxicity and an Alternative Organic Control of Honey Bee Diseases and Pests
12.7 Soft Chemical Approaches
12.8 Abnormalities in Insect Life Stages Caused by Botanical Pesticides
12.8.1 A Generalized Concept
12.8.2 Ecdysis and Molting
12.8.3 Abnormal Pupariation
12.8.4 Types of Puparia Abnormalities Produced After Biopesticide Treatments
12.8.5 Pupal–Adult Mosaics
12.8.6 Emergence of an Abnormal Adult-Underdeveloped Cuticle
12.9 Adultoids
12.10 Biodegradation of Botanical Pesticides
12.11 Botanical Pesticides and IPM
12.12 Challenges in the Adoption of Botanical Pesticides
12.13 Conclusion and Research Needs
References
Chapter 13: Sustainable Intensification in Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia via Conservation Agriculture for Energy, Water and Food Security Under Climate Smart Management System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.2.1 Experimental Trials Across the EGP
13.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
13.2.3 Community-Focussed Business Models
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Presentation of CASI and CT
13.3.2 Performance of Different Cropping Systems
13.3.2.1 Cropping System Productivity, Energy Use, CO2-Equivalent Emission and Economics
13.3.3 Relationship Between Net Income, Cropping System Yield and CO2-Equivalent Emission
13.3.4 Capacity Building
13.3.5 Community-Focussed Business Models
13.3.6 Extending CASI Necessitates the Creation of an Enabling Policy Environment
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Biofortification: A Viable Option for Increasing Crop Production and Nutritional Security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biofortification of Food Crops with Zn and Fe
14.2.1 Nutritional Approaches
14.2.2 Conventional Biofortification
14.2.3 Transgenic Biofortification
14.2.4 Agronomic Biofortification
14.2.5 Methods and Sources of Zn and Fe Fertilization
14.3 Conclusion
14.4 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Humic Acids as Bio-stimulants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mode of Action of Bio-stimulants
15.2.1 Humic and Fulvic Acids as Bio-stimulants
15.2.2 Humic Substances Improve Mineral Nutrition in Plants
15.3 Humic Substances and Plant Growth
15.4 Humic Substances and Stress Alleviation
15.5 Conclusion
References