Foreword
The Approach of the UNFSS Scientific Group and an Overview of the Volume
The Scientific Group´s Design and Approach
Volume Overview
Successes of the UN Food Systems Summit and Attention to Unfinished Business
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Food System Concept and Summarized Recommendations
Food Systems: Seven Priorities to End Hunger and Protect the Planet
1 Seven Priorities
1.1 End Hunger and Improve Diets
1.2 De-risk Food Systems
1.3 Protect Equality and Rights
1.4 Boost Bioscience
1.5 Protect Resources
1.6 Sustain Aquatic Foods
1.7 Harness Technology
2 First Steps
3 Actions and Targets
References
Food System Concepts and Definitions for Science and Political Action
1 Introduction
2 Defining and Conceptualizing Food Systems
3 An Action-Oriented Concept of Food Systems
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II: Actions on Hunger and Healthy Diets
Healthy Diet: A Definition for the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021
1 Definition
2 Approaches to Translating a Healthy Diet into Specific Food-Based Recommendations
3 Conclusion
Annexes
Annex 1: Defining Nutritious Foods
The Distinction Between Diets and Foods
Several Evidence Gaps and Controversies That Influence Our Ability to Characterize Health Diets and Nutritious Foods
Annex 2: Avoiding the Consumption of Health-Harming Substances
Bringing Safety to the Definition of Healthy Diets
Several Evidence Gaps and Controversies That Influence the Ability to Assess and Ensure the Safety of Foods as Part of a Healt...
References
Ensuring Access to Safe and Nutritious Food for All Through the Transformation of Food Systems
1 Introduction
2 What Is a Safe and Nutritious Diet?
3 We Are Not on Track to Meet International Targets for Ensuring Safe and Nutritious Food for All By 2030
4 Interconnected Food System Drivers That Affect the Access to Safe and Nutritious Food for All
4.1 Socio-Economic Drivers
4.2 Supply Chain Failures and Under-Utilised Technologies Affecting the Supply of Food
4.3 Climate Change, Land-Use Change and Natural Resource Degradation
5 Transforming Food Systems Is Key to Safe and Nutritious Food for All
5.1 Coordination, Monitoring and Accountability
5.2 Influencing Food Demand and Dietary Changes
5.3 Shifting to More Sustainable Consumption and Production Within Planetary Boundaries
5.4 Harnessing Science and Innovation and Managing Risks
6 Concluding Messages
References
A Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns
1 Introduction
2 Building the Evidence for Healthy Diets
3 Building the Evidence on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems
4 Transitioning to Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems
5 The Key Trade-Offs and Synergies
6 Solutions and Actions
7 Conclusions
References
Fruits and Vegetables for Healthy Diets: Priorities for Food System Research and Action
1 Why Fruits and Vegetables? Why Now?
2 Policy Factors: Political Power
2.1 Opportunities for Research and Action
3 Push Factors: Production and Post-Harvest Power
3.1 Opportunities for Research and Action
4 Pull Factors: People Power
4.1 Opportunities for Research and Action
5 Fruit and Vegetable Food Systems: What Next?
References
Modeling Actions for Transforming Agrifood Systems
1 Introduction
2 Addressing the Objectives of the Agri-Food Systems
3 The Model
3.1 Model Overview
3.2 How Do We Couple This Model with Other Models?
3.3 Importance of Including Household-Level Modeling
3.4 What Are We Missing?
3.5 Key Indicators Generated
4 Modeling Results
5 Conclusions
Appendix
A Formal Representation of Our Objectives
Illustrating Risk
References
Part III: Actions for Equity and Resilience in Food Systems
Advance Equitable Livelihoods
1 Introduction
2 Biophysical and Environmental Drivers, Particularly Soil, Water and Climate Change
3 Technology, Innovation, and Infrastructure Drivers
4 Economic and Political Drivers
5 Socio-cultural and Demographic Drivers
6 Conclusions and Implications for the Development of Game-Changing Solutions That Will Enhance Equitable Livelihoods in Food ...
6.1 Alter Power Structures to Enhance Inclusive Decision-Making
6.2 Protect the Livelihoods of Those Living in Situations of Vulnerability, While Creating Opportunities
6.3 Adapt Institutions and Policies to Favor Equitable Food System Livelihoods
6.4 Increase Investment to Realize the Potential of Improved Institutional and Policy Actions
6.5 Hold Governments, Businesses and Organizations to Account for Ensuring Equitable Livelihoods
6.6 Realize the Potential of Science, Innovation, Technology, and Evidence to Favor Equitable Livelihoods
References
A Review of Evidence on Gender Equality, Women´s Empowerment, and Food Systems
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framing
3 Methodology
4 Findings
4.1 Drivers: Shocks and Stressors
4.2 Food System Components
4.2.1 Agrifood Value Chains
4.2.2 Food Environment
4.2.3 Consumer Behavior
4.3 Food System Outcomes
5 Cross-Cutting Gender and Food System Issues
5.1 Gendered Social Norms and Expectations
5.2 Gendered Access to and Control over Resources, Services and Technology
5.3 Women´s Agency: Decision-Making and Leadership
5.3.1 Household Level
5.3.2 Community Level
5.3.3 Food Systems Level
5.4 Institutional Barriers, Policy, and Governance
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations for Investment
7.1 Invest in Maternal Education, Particularly Nutrition-Focused Education and Counseling
7.2 Invest in Programs/Interventions that Aim to Improve Women´s Influence and Role in Decision-Making and Leadership at All L...
7.3 Invest in Interventions that Promote Positive and Equal Gender Norms at the Household, Community, and Systems Levels
7.4 Invest in Interventions and Efforts that Improve Women´s Access to Important and Necessary Resources
7.5 Target Research to Yield More Cross-Contextual Evidence for Advancing Gender Equality and Women´s Empowerment in Food Syst...
Annex: Key Terms and Definitionsa
References
The Future of Small Farms: Innovations for Inclusive Transformation
1 Introduction
2 Who Will be Small Farmers in the Future?
3 Innovations for the Future of Small Farms
4 Policies for Inclusive Small Farm Transformation Through Innovation
References
Diversification for Enhanced Food Systems Resilience
1 Diversification of Production
2 Diversification at the Household Level
3 Diversification Through the Global, Regional and Local Trading Systems
4 Conclusions
References
Addressing Food Crises in Violent Conflicts
1 Introduction
2 Multiple Dimensions of Food Crises and Violent Conflicts
2.1 Destruction and Food Insecurity
2.2 Food (In)security and Warring Factions
2.3 Hunger as a Weapon
3 Addressing Food Crises and Violent Conflict
3.1 Respect Access to Food as a Human Right During Violent Conflict
3.2 Build Bridges Linking Humanitarian Action, Development and Peacebuilding
3.3 Integrate Local Capacities and Perceptions
3.4 Improve the Links Between Early Warning and Early Action in Conflict-Driven Food Crises
References
In Brief: The White/Wiphala Paper on Indigenous Peoples´ Food Systems
1 Purpose of This Brief
2 Coalitions from the United Nations Food Systems Summit and the Coalition on Indigenous Peoples´ Food Systems
3 Action Area 1: Nourish All People
4 Action Area 2: Boost Nature-Based Solutions of Production
5 Action Area 3: Advance Equitable Livelihoods, Decent Work, & Empowered Communities
6 Action Area 4: Build Resilience to Vulnerabilities, Shocks, and Stresses
7 Action Area 5: Support Means of Implementation
Annexes
Annex 1: Coalition on Indigenous Peoples´ Food Systems
Annex 2: The White/Wiphala Paper on Indigenous Peoples´ Food Systems
Contributors
References
Marginal Areas and Indigenous People Priorities for Research and Action
1 Context
2 Approach
3 Evidence
4 Indigenous Food Systems and Knowledge: Challenges in Diverse Settings
4.1 Innovations and Investment Opportunities
4.2 Game-Changer Technologies and Innovations
5 Priorities and Proposed Actions
References
Priorities for Inclusive Urban Food System Transformations in the Global South
1 Objective and Focus of the Chapter
2 Challenges Posed by Urban Development
2.1 Urban Growth
2.2 Challenges for Urban Food Systems
2.2.1 Urban Food and Nutritional Security
2.2.2 Food Convenience
2.2.3 Urban Employment
2.2.4 Quality of the Urban Environment
3 The Characteristics of Urban Food Systems in the Global South
3.1 Spatial and Relational Organisation
3.2 Innovations in Urban Food Systems
3.3 Six Types of Urban Food System
4 Adaptation to Demand and Crises in Urban Food Systems
5 Solutions for Enhancing Inclusive Urban Food System Transformations
5.1 Obtaining Accurate Data on Food Consumption, Foodsheds, and Food Chains
5.2 Urban Food Planning for Poor-Friendly Production and Marketing Spaces
5.2.1 Protection of Land for Multifunctional Urban Agriculture
5.2.2 Upgrading Food Marketplaces
5.2.3 Accommodating Space for Mobile Vendors
5.3 Consumer-Oriented Promotion of Nutrient-Dense Food
5.4 National Provisioning of Infrastructures and Services for MSMEs
5.4.1 Improving Rural-Urban Transport
5.4.2 Disseminating Small-Scale Food Processing Technologies
5.4.3 Service Provisioning for MSMEs
5.5 Fostering Multi-stakeholder Coordination and Governance
6 Conclusion
References
Secondary Cities as Catalysts for Nutritious Diets in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
1 Introduction
2 The Challenge: A Growing Triple Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Contexts
3 The Solution: Secondary Cities as Game Changers for Sustainable Food Systems
3.1 Secondary Cities´ Unique Characteristics
3.2 Secondary Cities Face Challenges That Can Be Turned into Opportunities
3.3 Secondary Cities Can Accelerate Food Systems Transformation - Three Case Studies from LMICs
3.3.1 Nutrient Profiling with OBAASIMA in Ghana
3.3.2 Participative Urban Agriculture with the AGRUPAR Project in Quito, Ecuador
3.3.3 KUMWE HARVEST - A New Post-Harvest Model for Combating Aflatoxin Contamination in Rwanda
4 Conclusion and Call to Action
References
Part IV: Actions for Sustainable Food Production and Resource Management
Boost Nature-Positive Production
1 Introduction
2 What Do We Want to Achieve?
3 What Do We Mean by Nature-Positive Food Systems?
3.1 First Pillar: Protect Natural Systems and Protected Areas from New Conversions for Food Production, and Save and Set Aside...
3.2 Second Pillar: Sustainably Manage Existing Food Production Systems
3.3 Third Pillar: Restore and Rehabilitate Degraded Systems for Sustainable Food Production and Ecosystem Services
4 Challenges of Nature-Positive Food Systems
4.1 Agronomic Challenges
4.2 Economic Challenges
4.3 Political Challenges
4.4 Deficits Along Agricultural Knowledge Systems
4.5 Call for Actions to Successfully Cope with Trade-Offs and Scaling Up Nature-Positive Food Systems
5 Conclusions
References
Pathways to Advance Agroecology for a Successful Transformation to Sustainable Food Systems
1 Introduction
2 Global Challenges
3 Need for Transformation
4 Impact of an Agroecological Transformation
5 The Role of Diversity for Food Productivity
6 Domains of Transformation with Enabling and Restraining Factors
6.1 Strengthening Knowledge (Research, Education and Innovation) on Agroecology
6.2 Working with Markets
6.3 Enhancing Collaboration
6.4 Ensuring Policy Coherence to Create a Conducive Policy Context for Agroecology
7 Conclusions: Contribution of Agroecology to the SDGs
References
A New Paradigm for Plant Nutrition
1 Introduction and Background
2 What Can Be Done?
References
Livestock and Sustainable Food Systems: Status, Trends, and Priority Actions
1 Introduction
2 Background and Trends
2.1 Trends in Animal Source Food Demand: 1990-2015
2.2 The Role of Trade in Meeting Demand for Animal Source Foods
2.3 The Response of Production to Meet the Increase in Demand: The Monogastric ``Explosion,´´ Intensification, and Expansion D...
2.4 Different Livestock Products and Production Systems, Different Dynamics
2.5 The Role of Smallholders in the Production of ASF
3 Implications of the Historical Supply and Demand Dynamics of ASF for Land Use and Other Environmental Metrics
3.1 Animal Source Food Consumption Trends: The Three Key Storylines
3.2 Animal Source Foods and Human Nutrition and Health: The Need for Moderation, Not Avoidance
3.3 Animal Source Foods and Undernutrition
3.4 Animal Source Foods and the Risk of Non-communicable Diseases
4 Essential Actions for Ensuring Livestock´s Contribution to Sustainable Food Systems
5 Concluding Remarks and Recommendations in the Context of the Food Systems Summit
References
The Vital Roles of Blue Foods in the Global Food System
1 Introduction
2 Policy Recommendations
2.1 Bring Blue Foods into the Heart of Food System Decision-Making
2.1.1 The Problem: Fisheries and Aquaculture Are Typically Ignored in the Management of Food Systems
2.1.2 The Solution: Governments Should Fully Integrate Blue Foods into their Governance of Food Systems
2.2 Protect and Develop the Potential of Blue Foods to Help End Malnutrition
2.2.1 The Problem: Blue Food Systems Are Not Managed for Nutrition
2.2.2 The Solution: Sustain and Enhance the Nutritional Benefits of Blue Food Systems
2.3 Support the Central Role of Small-Scale Actors in Fisheries and Aquaculture
2.3.1 The Problem: Limited Recognition and Support for the SSFA Sector in Supporting Equitable and Sustainable Food Systems
2.3.2 The Solution: Support SSFA Capabilities and Diversity Through Inclusive Blue Food Policy
3 Conclusion
References
Food System Innovations and Digital Technologies to Foster Productivity Growth and Rural Transformation
1 Introduction
1.1 Agricultural Bio-Innovations
1.2 Digital Technologies in Agricultural Value Chains
2 Agricultural R&D Enabling Investments and Capacities
3 Actions and Solutions for Enabling Food System Innovations
References
Leveraging Data, Models & Farming Innovation to Prevent, Prepare for & Manage Pest Incursions: Delivering a Pest Risk Service ...
1 Introduction
2 Technology Developments and Their Application to Pest Risk
2.1 Access to Datasets and Data Management
2.2 Improved Access to Earth Observation and Meteorological Data
2.3 Validation of EO Data and Models
3 Potential for Improving Plant Health Systems and Livelihoods: The Requirement for Effective Extension
4 Conclusions and Future Actions
References
Food Systems Innovation Hubs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
1 Introduction
2 The Current Landscape
3 The Future Opportunity for Food System Innovation Hubs and Their Impact on Society, Economy and the Environment
4 Concluding Remarks
References
A Whole Earth Approach to Nature-Positive Food: Biodiversity and Agriculture
1 Introduction
1.1 Biodiversity Is Inextricably Linked to Food and Agriculture
1.2 Reconfigure Biodiversity in Agriculture to Meet Food, Nutrition, Climate and Water Security Targets
1.3 Shifting from Crop Productivity to Systemic Productivity
1.4 Critical Actions for Reconciling Agriculture and Biodiversity
2 Healthy Diets Require Dietary Diversity
2.1 The Diversity of Foods Produced and Available Is Insufficient for Healthy Diets
2.2 Healthy Diets Include a Wide Range of Choices
2.3 The Demand and Supply of Healthy Diets Contributes to Climate and Environmental Outcomes
3 Agriculture Must Share Space with Biodiversity to Meet Global Environmental Goals
3.1 Agriculture Depends on Biodiversity
3.2 Diversification Strategies Are Often Regenerative, Synergistic and Multipurpose
3.2.1 Diversification Within Fields and Pastures
3.2.2 Diversification Between Fields and Pastures
3.2.3 Landscape Diversification
3.2.4 Agricultural Landscapes Need at Least 10-20% of Diversified Habitats to Retain Ecological Integrity
4 Agriculture Must Spare Space for Biodiversity to Meet Global Environmental Goals
4.1 Halting the Loss of Intact Ecosystems
4.2 Mitigating Climate Change
4.3 Regulating Hydrological Cycles
4.4 Restoring Ecosystems
5 Conclusions and Recommendations: Food and Agriculture Must Be the Solution to Food, Environmental and Climate Security
5.1 Policy Implications: The Transformation Challenge
5.2 Correcting Distortions Requires Reinvestment
5.3 Developing more Dynamic Investment and Financial Opportunities
5.4 Changing Availability Through Subsidy and Research Reform
5.5 Reimagining International Trade
References
Water for Food Systems and Nutrition
1 Introduction
2 SDG 2 and SDG 6 Can Only Be Achieved If the Water and Food System Communities Work Together
2.1 Water Scarcity and Pollution Are Growing, Affecting Poorer Populations, Particularly Food Producers
2.2 Malnutrition Levels Are on the Rise and Are Closely Linked to Water Scarcity
2.3 SDG 2 and SDG 6 Targets Are Co-Dependent
3 Solutions for Improving Food System Outcomes and Water Security
3.1 Strengthen Efforts to Retain Water-Based Ecosystems and Their Functions
3.2 Improve Agricultural Water Management for Better Diets for All
3.2.1 Strengthen the Climate Resilience of Rainfed Food Systems
3.2.2 Strengthen the Nutrient Density of Irrigated Agriculture
3.2.3 Address Water Pollution to Improve Food Production, Food Safety, and Water-Based Ecosystems
3.3 Reduce Water and Food Losses Beyond the Farmgate
3.4 Coordinate Water with Nutrition and Health Interventions
3.4.1 Strengthen Institutional Coordination and Develop Joint Programmes
3.4.2 Implement Nutrition-Sensitive Agricultural Water Management
3.5 Increase the Environmental Sustainability of Food Systems
3.6 Explicitly Address Social Inequities in Water-Nutrition Linkages
3.7 Improve Data Quality and Monitoring for Water-Food System Linkages, Drawing on Innovations in ICT
References
Climate Change and Food Systems
1 Introduction
2 How Climate Change Interacts with Food Systems and Food Security
2.1 Food Availability
2.2 Food Access
2.3 Food Stability
2.4 Food Utilisation and Safety
2.5 Impacts of Food Systems on Climate Systems
3 Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Food Systems
4 Conclusion
References
Delivering Climate Change Outcomes with Agroecology in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence and Actions Needed
1 Introduction
1.1 Does Agroecology Lead to Better Climate Change Outcomes?
2 What Does the Evidence Tell Us?
2.1 Climate Change Adaptation
2.2 Climate Change Mitigation
2.3 Adaptive Capacity
2.4 Yields
2.5 Agroecological Transitions for Large-Scale Impacts
2.6 Gaps
2.7 Donor Investment
2.8 What Actions Need to Be Taken?
References
Crop Diversity, Its Conservation and Use for Better Food Systems
1 The Loss of Agrobiodiversity and Its Risks
2 Why Ex-Situ Conservation?
3 Status of Ex-Situ Conservation
4 What Remains to Be Done
4.1 Towards a Stronger Global System of Ex-Situ Conservation
4.2 Making the Global System Fit for the Purpose of Caring for Hard-to-Conserve Materials: Cryopreservation
4.3 Innovative Funding for the Global System of Ex-Situ Conservation
References
Safeguarding and Using Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity
1 Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity Contributes to a Diverse Food Supply and Quality Diets
2 Declining Biodiversity Limits Options for a Sustainable and Healthy Food Supply
3 Raising Awareness to Safeguard and Sustainably Use Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity
4 Rescuing Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity
5 Conditions for success
References
Reduction of Food Loss and Waste: The Challenges and Conclusions for Actions
1 Introduction
2 Food Loss and Waste
3 Proposed Actions
References
Part V: Costs, Investment, Finance, and Trade Actions
The True Cost of Food: A Preliminary Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Externalities as Barriers to Sustainable Food Systems
3 True-Cost Accounting: Redefining the Value of Food
4 Estimating the True Costs of Food Systems in the Context of the UNFSS Aspirations
5 Potential Benefits of a Transition to More Sustainable Diets
6 Study Limitations
7 Recommendations
Annex 1: How Does True-Cost Accounting Work?
References
The Cost and Affordability of Preparing a Basic Meal Around the World
1 Introduction
2 Price Premiums for the Most Affordable Items in Each Category
3 The Hidden Cost of Home Cooking: Time and Fuel Use
4 Opportunities for Action
Annex
References
The Global Cost of Reaching a World Without Hunger: Investment Costs and Policy Action Opportunities
1 Introduction
2 Review of Selected Estimates of the Cost of Ending Hunger
3 Overview of Approaches to Reducing Hunger
4 Marginal Abatement Cost Curve Approach and Investment Scenario Assumptions
4.1 The Marginal Cost Curve and Key Steps of the Process
4.2 Reference Scenarios of Hunger Trend and Investment Options
4.3 Opportunities of Investments in Policies and Programs for Hunger Reduction
4.4 Investments to Reduce Hunger: Marginal Cost Curve Results
5 Uncertainties and Caveats of the Assessment
5.1 Uncertainties Associated with Data and Assumptions
5.2 Missed Synergies, Overlaps and Other Investment Options
5.3 The Impact of Extreme Events on the Cost of Hunger Reduction
5.4 Effects of Scaling on Marginal Costs
5.5 Other Limitations and Some Strengths of the Marginal Cost Curve Approach
6 Policy Implications of MACC Analyses
References
Financing SDG2 and Ending Hunger
1 Introduction
2 Costs of Interventions to Achieve SDG2 and End Hunger
3 Possibles Sources of Funding
4 Matrix of Financing and Interventions to Shape the Flows of Funds
5 The Need for Country-Based Institutional Arrangements: A Zero Hunger Alliance & Fund
6 Summary of Proposals
7 Conclusion
References
Trade and Sustainable Food Systems
1 Introduction
2 Trade, Food Security and Nutrition
3 Trade, Growth and Inequality
4 Trade, Environment and Climate Change
4.1 Climate Change
4.1.1 Trade as Adaptation Mechanism
4.1.2 Trade in Climate Change Mitigation
4.2 Land, Water, Biodiversity
5 Globalization of Food: Trade, Social and Health Impacts
6 The Trade Policy Environment
References
Part VI: Regional Perspectives
Policy Options for Food System Transformation in Africa and the Role of Science, Technology and Innovation
1 Introduction
2 The Context of African Food Systems
2.1 Drivers and Opportunities
2.2 Threats and Challenges
3 Transforming Food Systems in Africa Through STI and Policy Innovations
3.1 Improving Production Efficiency and Restoring and Sustainably Managing Natural Resources
3.2 Optimizing the Utilization of Indigenous Crops, Livestock, Fish and Underutilized Foods
3.3 Innovation in the Storage, Processing and Packaging of Foods
3.4 Improving Human Nutrition and Health
3.5 Addressing Equity and Vulnerability at the Community and Ecosystem Levels
3.6 A Data Revolution for Improved Preparedness and Accountability Systems
3.7 Leveraging African Research and Science and Improving Education and Training
3.8 Capacity Strengthening of Institutions and Mutual Accountability
4 Conclusions
References
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
1 Introduction
2 IAP and IANAS Reports ``Opportunities for Future Research and Innovation on Food and Nutrition Security and Agriculture´´
3 Food and Nutrition Aspects, Healthy Diets
4 Science and Technology and Food System Transformation
5 A Perspective from Latin America and the Caribbean
6 Lessons from COVID-19
7 Moving Forward: Strengthening Policy in LAC for Research and Its Uptake
7.1 The Institutional Framework for the Innovation and Transfer of Agricultural Technology
7.2 Work and Investment Priorities
7.3 Dealing with the Distributional Effects of the New Scenarios and Public Policies
7.4 Improved International Cooperation Mechanism
References
The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Asia
1 Introduction
2 The Overarching Framework for Developing Inclusive, Sustainable Food and Nutrition Systems
3 Delivering Healthy Diets
4 Transformation to Sustainably Produced and Healthy Diets
5 Addressing the Food-Energy-Water Nexus and Other Natural Resources
6 Supporting and Using Outputs from Fundamental Research
7 Consequences of Covid-19
8 Strengthening Policy for Research and Its Uptake
References
The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Europe
1 Introduction: The Transformation of European Food Systems
2 Agriculture-Environment Nexus and Agroecology in Europe
3 Delivering Sustainable and Healthy Diets Under Climate Change
4 Responding to COVID-19
5 New Breeding Techniques: A Case Study in Science, Technology and Innovation
6 Strengthening Research and Its Uptake into Policy and Practice
References
Transforming Chinese Food Systems for Both Human and Planetary Health
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of Food and Nutrition Security in China
3 Enabling Factors Driving Chinese Food System Transformation
3.1 Sequential Choice of Policy and Investment Initiatives
3.2 Agricultural R&D and Innovation
3.3 Poverty Reduction Schemes and National Nutrition Programs
3.4 Environment and Resource Management Practices
3.5 Strategies for Strengthening Food System Resilience Under COVID-19
3.6 Reducing the Food Loss and Waste as a National Strategy
3.7 The ICT Revolution and E-Commerce Application
4 Challenges Facing Chinese Food Systems
4.1 Declining Agricultural Productivity Growth and the Dominance of Smallholder Farms
4.2 The Triple Burden of Malnutrition
4.3 Resource Scarcity and Degradation and Climate Change
4.4 Remaining Rural-Urban and Regional Inequality
4.5 Increasing Food Imports and Uncertainty in Global Markets
5 Future Strategies and Policies
5.1 New Vision Towards Better Food Systems
5.2 National Food Policies Towards 2035
5.3 Recommendations: Strengthening Institutions, Policies and Investment Using a Food Systems Approach
References
Key Areas of the Agricultural Science Development in Russia in the Context of Global Trends and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Biotechnologies
3 Precision Agriculture
4 Selection and Genetics in Crop Production and Livestock
5 Food Processing Technologies
6 Aquaculture
7 Methods for Reducing Food Waste and Loss
8 Closed Farming Systems
9 Deep Processing of Agricultural and Fishery Feedstock
10 Sustainable Development of Agricultural Production and Rural Areas
11 Veterinary and Phytosanitary Control
12 Technologies of the Logging Industry
13 Conclusions
References
Food System in India. Challenges, Performance and Promise
1 Introduction
2 India´s Food System
2.1 Producing Sufficient Food Efficiently with Environmental Sustainability
2.1.1 Lessons from the Past
2.1.2 Using Lessons of the Past to Create Opportunities for the Future
2.2 Increasing Pressure on the Environment and Climate Change
2.3 Marketing Food with Low Intermediation Costs and Low Food Losses
2.4 Making Food More Nutritious and Safer for Consumers While Ensuring Remunerative Prices for Farmers
References
Part VII: Strategic Perspectives and Governance
The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Transforming Food Systems Globally
1 Introduction: The Transformation of Food Systems
2 Regional Heterogeneity
3 Agriculture-Environment Nexus
4 Delivering Healthy Diets, Sustainably Produced, Under Climate Change
5 Responding to Covid-19
6 Using Science, Technology and Innovation to Promote and Evaluate Action
7 Strengthening the Contribution of Research to Policymaking
8 Conclusions
References
The Bioeconomy and Food System Transformation
1 Bioeconomy Concepts and Contributions
2 Bioeconomic Contributions to Food System Transformation
2.1 Advantages of Scientific and Technological Developments
2.2 Transforming Rural Environments, Generating Income and Employment Opportunities
2.3 Improving Food Chain Resource Use
2.4 Improved Nutrition and Health
2.5 Improved Environmental Sustainability and Climate Resilience
2.6 Upscaling Biotechnology Innovations
3 The Path Forward
References
In the Age of Pandemics, Connecting Food Systems and Health: A Global One Health Approach
1 The Challenges
1.1 Interconnection Among Ecosystems, Human and Animal Health - Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
1.2 Poor Human Health Facilitates Infectious Disease Spread
2 Impact of Zoonotic Infectious Diseases on Food Security
2.1 Direct Impacts
2.2 Indirect Impacts
2.3 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Infectious Pathogens in the Food Chain
3 Adapting the Agri-Food System to Limit Pathogen Risk
3.1 Decreasing Habitat Disruption Through the Sustainable Intensification of Land Use
3.2 Smart Management and Vigilance at the Interfaces Through Surveillance and a Readiness to Intervene
3.3 Improving Overall Human, Animal and Environmental Health - A Global One Health Approach
4 Towards Food System Resilience
References
How Could Science-Policy Interfaces Boost Food System Transformation?
1 Introduction
2 On the Science Side
3 On the Policy Side
4 A Relation of Supervision: Science Is Governed and Influenced by the State
5 Growing Structuration and Complexity of Science-Policy Interfaces
6 Mechanisms at Play and Emerging Issues in These Interfaces
7 Asymmetries Within and Among Countries in Terms of Scientific Capacity
8 Science Should Move Beyond Sounding Alarms and Supplying Knowledge
9 Policy Should Make Effective Use of Knowledge for Decision-Making
10 ``Business as Un-Usual´´ to Boost Food System Transformation
References
The Transition Steps Needed to Transform Our Food Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 What the Transition Process Needs to Achieve
2 Planning the Transition Steps
2.1 New Priorities and Principles to Guide Transition Choices
2.2 Placing Poor and Marginalised People at the Heart of the Transition
2.3 Tackling Trade-Offs and Compromises Head On
2.4 Ensuring That the Transition Process Is Appropriately Resourced
3 Incentivising and Supporting Actions
3.1 The Misalignment Between the Complexity and Interconnectedness of Food and Environmental Systems, and How They Are Managed...
3.2 Inadequacies in Science and Evidence for Policy Development
3.3 Metrics for Monitoring, Tracking, and Adjusting the Transition Process
4 Who Needs to Act: Priorities for Transitioning Food Systems to Protect Human and Planetary Health
References
Engaging Science in Food System Transformation: Toward Implementation of the Action Agenda of the United Nations Food Systems ...
1 Introduction
2 Mobilizing the Science and Knowledge Community for Implementation of UNFSS Actions
3 Pathways for Broadly Engaging Networks of the Science and Knowledge Communities
4 Concluding Remarks
Annexures
Annex 1a: National-Level Framework for Identification of a Science Ecosystem of Support
Annex 1b: Regional-Level Framework for Identification of a Science Ecosystem of Support
Annex 1c: Global-Level Framework for Identification of a Science Ecosystem of Support
References
Science for Transformation of Food Systems: Opportunities for the UN Food Systems Summit
1 Introduction
2 Opportunities for Science and Innovation
2.1 Innovations to End Hunger and Increase the Availability and Affordability of Healthy Diets and Nutritious Foods
2.2 Innovations to De-Risk Food Systems and Strengthen Resilience
2.3 Innovations for Overcoming Inefficient and Unfair Land, Credit, Labor, and Natural Resource Use Arrangements, and Facilita...
2.4 Bio-science and Related Digital Innovations for People´s Health, Food Systems´ Productivity and Ecological Well-being
2.5 Innovations to Keep and Regenerate Soils, Land, Coastal Areas and Water, Including Oceans, and Protect the Agricultural Ge...
2.6 Innovations for Sustainable Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Livestock
2.7 Engineering and Digital Innovations for Efficiency and Inclusiveness of Food Systems
3 Modeling Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Actions in Food Systems
4 Enabling Food System Transformation
References
