Schaum's Outlines - Russian Grammar

Contents......Page 8
Alphabet......Page 14
Letters similar to English letters in form and pronunciation......Page 15
Letters corresponding to letters in Greek......Page 16
The two “signs”......Page 17
Unstressed vowels......Page 18
Vowel reduction rules......Page 19
Unpaired consonants......Page 21
Voicing rules......Page 22
Syllabification......Page 23
Capitalization......Page 24
English consonant letters lacking one-to-one phonetic equivalents......Page 25
English letter combinations transliterated by single letters in Cyrillic......Page 26
Cursive letters......Page 27
Noun Structure......Page 32
Masculine nouns......Page 33
Neuter nouns......Page 34
Why gender is important......Page 35
Masculine nouns with a stem ending in the soft sign......Page 36
Nouns of Common Gender......Page 37
Gender of Nouns Denoting Professions......Page 38
Nouns denoting people......Page 39
Gender of Indeclinable Nouns of Foreign Origin......Page 40
Spelling Rule 1 and nominative plurals......Page 42
Stress shifts in nominative plurals......Page 43
Irregular nominative plurals in -bя.......Page 44
Plurals of neuter nouns in -Μя.......Page 45
Nouns Used Only in the Singular......Page 46
Nouns Used Only in the Plural......Page 47
Case......Page 48
Nominative case......Page 49
Accusative case......Page 51
Genitive case......Page 54
Prepositional case......Page 65
Dative case......Page 66
Instrumental case......Page 72
First names and patronymics......Page 78
Summary Table of Case Endings of Nouns in the Plural......Page 79
Prepositions Governing the Nominative Case......Page 80
Prepositions Governing the Accusative Case......Page 81
Prepositions Governing Either the Accusative or the Prepositional Case......Page 83
Prepositions Governing Either the Accusative or the Instrumental Case......Page 87
Core prepositions governing the genitive case......Page 90
Other prepositions governing the genitive case......Page 97
Prepositions Governing the Prepositional or Locative Case......Page 100
Prepositions Governing the Dative Case......Page 107
Prepositions Governing the Instrumental Case......Page 110
Nominative case......Page 114
Accusative case......Page 116
Genitive case......Page 117
Prepositional case......Page 118
Dative case......Page 119
Instrumental case......Page 120
The Reflexive Personal Pronoun ce[Omitted]......Page 122
Idiomatic uses of ce[Omitted]......Page 123
The Reciprocal Pronoun ýp∂[Omitted] ýp∂[Omitted]a......Page 124
The pronoun kmó.......Page 125
The pronoun [Omitted]mó.......Page 9
Possessive Pronouns......Page 127
The possessive pronouns [Omitted]é [Omitted]?, mó [Omitted], Há [Omitted], [Omitted]á[Omitted].......Page 128
The possessive pronouns e[Omitted], eë, úx.......Page 129
The reflexive possessive pronoun c[Omitted]ó[Omitted]Ŭ.......Page 130
The demonstrative pronouns [Omitted] mom and móm......Page 132
The indeclinable pronoun [Omitted]mo.......Page 134
The demonstrative pronoun [Omitted]makóŭ.......Page 135
The emphatic pronoun cám......Page 136
The pronoun [Omitted]écb.......Page 138
The relative pronoun komópblŭ.......Page 140
The relative pronoun kakóŭ.......Page 144
The relative pronoun kmó and [Omitted]mó.......Page 145
The pronouns kmó-mo/kmó-[Omitted]u[Omitted]y∂b, [Omitted]mó-mo/[Omitted]mó-[Omitted]u[Omitted]u∂b, kakóŢ-mo/kakó*#365;-Hu[Omitted]y∂b, [Omitted]éŭ-mo/[Omitted]éŭ-Hu[Omitted]y∂b.......Page 147
Negative pronouns in Hu-: Hukmó, Hu[Omitted]mó, Hukakóŭ, Hu[Omitted]éŭ.......Page 149
Negative pronouns in Hé-:Héko[Omitted]o, Hé[Omitted]e[Omitted]o.......Page 151
Attributive and predicative adjectives......Page 153
Declension of adjectives......Page 154
The Short Form of Adjectives......Page 159
Use of short-form adjectives......Page 160
Choosing the short form or long form in the predicate......Page 161
Use of makóŭ vs. mák and kakóŭ vs. kák.......Page 167
Adjectives Used as Nouns......Page 168
Possessive adjectives of the type nm∂[Omitted]u∂.......Page 170
Possessive adjectives with the suffix -uH.......Page 171
Family names in -uŭ and óŭ.......Page 172
Formation of the compound comparative......Page 173
Use of the compound comparative......Page 174
Formation of the simple comparative......Page 175
Use of the simple comparative......Page 177
The compound superlative: form and use......Page 180
The simple superlative: form and use......Page 181
Adverbs of manner......Page 182
Adverbs of time......Page 184
Adverbs of place......Page 185
Indefinite adverbs......Page 187
Negative adverbs......Page 188
Cardinal numbers......Page 190
Declension and use of 1......Page 191
Declension and use of 2, 3, and 4......Page 193
Declension of 5–20 and 30......Page 196
Declension of 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900......Page 197
Use of cardinal numbers 5–999......Page 198
Declension and use of m[Omitted]cя[Omitted]a......Page 199
Declension and use of mu[Omitted]uóH and mu[Omitted]áp∂/[Omitted]u[Omitted]uóH.......Page 200
Telephone numbers......Page 201
Numerical nouns formed from cardinal numbers......Page 202
Collective numbers......Page 203
Ordinal numbers......Page 206
Use of Russian ordinals for English cardinals......Page 207
Fractions......Page 208
Decimal fractions......Page 210
Days of the week......Page 211
Months......Page 213
Years and centuries......Page 214
Dates with months and years......Page 215
Order of numbers in dates......Page 216
Expressing age......Page 217
Conversational clock time......Page 218
Official time: 24-hour system......Page 220
Approximation......Page 221
Forms of address: informal and formal......Page 222
Verb moods......Page 223
First- and second-conjugation endings......Page 224
Consonant alternations in conjugation......Page 225
Verbal stem structure: (prefix) + root + (suffix)......Page 226
Stems with a suffix......Page 227
Irregular verbs of mixed conjugation......Page 241
Nonsuffixed stems......Page 242
Irregular verbs with nonsuffixed stems......Page 249
Past tense......Page 250
Future tense......Page 251
Verb Aspects: Formation......Page 252
Aspect in the past and future......Page 255
Aspect in questions......Page 259
Aspect in the infinitive......Page 263
Negation and imperfective infinitives......Page 264
Second-person imperative: formation......Page 266
Affirmative imperatives......Page 268
Negated imperatives......Page 269
First-person imperative......Page 271
Real and unreal conditionals......Page 272
The subjunctive with [Omitted]bl + past tense......Page 274
The subjunctive with [Omitted]mó[Omitted]bl + past tense......Page 275
Verbs with the Particle cя......Page 279
Voice and the particle cя......Page 282
Verbal Government......Page 284
Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs......Page 285
Directional prefixes......Page 292
Aspectual usage of prefixed motion verbs......Page 293
Active participles......Page 294
Passive participles......Page 296
Verbal Adverbs (Gerunds)......Page 299
Imperfective verbal adverbs......Page 300
Perfective verbal adverbs......Page 302
Coordinating Conjunctions......Page 304
Copulative (connective) coordinating conjunctions......Page 305
Disjunctive coordinating conjunctions......Page 307
Adversative coordinating conjunctions......Page 308
Choosing u, a, or Ho.......Page 310
Subordinating Conjunctions......Page 311
Temporal conjunctions......Page 312
Causal conjunctions......Page 316
Purposive conjunctions......Page 318
Subordinating conjunctions [Omitted]mo and kak.......Page 319
Resultative conjunctions......Page 320
Concessive conjunctions......Page 321
Comparative conjunctions......Page 322
Answers to Exercises......Page 324
Bibliography......Page 341
Index of Russian Words and Affixes......Page 343
A......Page 354
C......Page 355
G......Page 356
I......Page 357
P......Page 358
T......Page 360
Z......Page 361