Sandalwood: Silviculture, Conservation and Applications

Contents
About the Editors
1: Sandalwood: The Green Gold
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Botanical Description
1.2.1 Taxonomic Position
1.2.2 Distribution and Morphological Description
1.2.3 Habitat and Growth
1.3 Uses
1.4 Conservation Status, Threats, and Challenges
1.5 Conclusion
References
2: History of Sandalwood
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Religious Ceremonies
2.2.1 Hinduism
2.2.2 Jainism
2.2.3 Buddhism
2.2.4 Islam
2.2.5 Chinese and Japanese Religions
2.2.6 Zoroastrianism
2.3 History of Sandalwood in India
2.4 History of Sandalwood in Australia
2.5 History of Sandalwood in Hawaii
2.6 Conclusions
References
3: Botany of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Taxonomy and Distribution
3.3 Botany
3.3.1 Santalum L.
3.4 Anatomical Features
3.4.1 Microscopic Characters of Leaf
3.4.2 Macroscopic Characters
3.4.3 Microscopic Characters of Heartwood
3.4.4 Microscopy of Heartwood Powder
3.5 Cytogenetics
3.6 Phenology, Reproductive Biology, and Breeding System
3.6.1 Phenology
3.6.2 Floral Morphology
3.6.3 Fruit Morphology
3.6.4 Reproductive Biology and Breeding System
3.6.4.1 Floral Visitors
3.6.5 Variations in Fruit Morphology and Seed Setting
3.6.6 Reproductive Rate in Climate Change
3.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
4: Sandalwood Wood Carving
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wood Carving
4.3 Success Story: Masterful Carvers of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
4.3.1 The Carvings
4.3.2 Precious Sandalwood
4.3.3 Mahesh
4.3.4 Mohit
4.3.5 Rohit
4.3.6 The Future
4.4 Conclusions
References
5: Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Santalum album L.
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Traditional Uses of Sandalwood
5.2.1 Ayurvedic Perspective
5.2.2 Unani Perspective
5.3 Phytochemistry
5.4 Pharmacology of Sandalwood
5.4.1 Anti-Microbial Activities
5.4.1.1 Antiviral Activity
5.4.1.2 Antibacterial Activity
5.4.1.3 Antifungal Activity
5.4.2 Anti-Oxidant Efficacy
5.4.3 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.4.4 Hepatoprotective Activity
5.4.5 Anticancer Activity
5.4.6 Anti-Hyperglycaemic and Anti-Hyperlipidaemia Effect
5.4.7 Effects on Central Nervous System
5.4.8 Other Uses of Sandalwood
5.5 Adulteration and Authentication of Sandalwood
5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
6: Wood Property Variation in Sandalwood
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical Properties of Wood
6.2.1 Specific Gravity
6.2.2 Shrinkage and Swelling
6.2.3 Moisture Content
6.3 Anatomical Properties
6.4 Different Sources of Wood Variation
6.5 Sandalwood and Its Adulterants
6.6 Conclusions and Future Line of Work
References
7: Silviculture, Growth and Yield of Sandalwood
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Distribution
7.3 Geology, Rocks, and Soils
7.4 Morphology and Phenology
7.5 Seeds and Seed Dormancy
7.6 Seed Germination and Seedlings Raising
7.7 Vegetative Propagation
7.8 Natural and Artificial Regeneration
7.9 Host-Sandalwood Parasitism
7.10 Inter-Cultural and Tending Operations
7.11 Tree Improvement
7.12 Conservation of Sandalwood
7.13 Growth and Yield of Sandalwood
7.14 Growth Study
7.14.1 Factors Affecting Growth
7.14.2 Influence of Soil on Growth and Heartwood Formation
7.15 Yield of Sandalwood and Revenue
7.15.1 Heartwood Formation
7.15.2 Girth Vs. Yield
7.15.3 Revenue to Exchequer
7.15.4 Rotation Age
7.16 Production of Sandalwood in India
7.17 Conclusions and Future Direction
References
8: Cultivation of Sandalwood Under Agro-Forestry System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Seeds, Seed Treatment, Germination, and Seedling Growth
8.3 Agro-Forestry Systems
8.4 Nursery Practices for Quality Planting Stock
8.5 Site Selection for Sandalwood Cultivation
8.6 Sandalwood Cultivation and Impact of Hosts on Its Survival
8.7 Maintenance of Plantation
8.8 Protection of Plantation
8.8.1 Protection Against Grazing
8.8.2 Protection Against Fire
8.8.3 Protection Against Disease and Pests
8.8.4 Protection Against Illicit Felling
8.9 Benefits of Agro-Forestry Systems
8.9.1 Improving Soil Fertility
8.9.2 Increase the Efficiency of Nutrient Uptake
8.9.3 Provide Shade to Young Sandalwood
8.9.4 Assist the Parasitism Process for Sandalwood
8.9.5 Suppressing the Spread of Pests and Diseases
8.9.6 Intermediate Benefits to Farmers
8.10 Economics of Raising Sandalwood Plantation
8.11 Conclusions
References
9: Diseases and Insect Pests of Sandalwood
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sandalwood and Fungal Association
9.3 Sandalwood Diseases
9.3.1 Nursery Diseases
9.3.2 Main Field Diseases
9.3.2.1 Spike Disease of Sandalwood
Causes of Spike Disease
Pollen Theory
Control of Spike Disease
9.4 Insect Pests of Sandalwood
9.4.1 Nursery Pests
9.4.1.1 Cryptothelia cramerii
9.4.1.2 Ascotis selenaria imparata
9.4.1.3 Acanthopsyche moorei
9.4.1.4 Sympiezomias cretaceus
9.4.1.5 Eupterote geminata
9.4.1.6 Natada nararia
9.4.1.7 Holochlora albida
9.4.1.8 Teratodus monticollis
9.4.1.9 Control of Nursery Pests
9.4.2 Stem Borers
9.4.2.1 Indarbela quadrinotata
9.4.2.2 Zeuzera coffeae
9.4.2.3 Sahyadrassus malabaricus
9.4.2.4 Aristobia octofasciculata
9.4.2.5 Control of Stem Borers
9.4.3 Sap Suckers
9.4.3.1 Saissetia coffeae
9.4.3.2 Saissetia nigra
9.4.3.3 Ceroplastes actiniformis
9.4.3.4 Ceroplastes ceriferus
9.4.3.5 Inglisia bivalvata
9.4.3.6 Control of Sap Suckers
9.4.4 Insects Attacking Wood in Storage and Dead Wood
9.4.4.1 Sinoxylon atratum
9.4.4.2 Xylopsocus capucinus
9.4.4.3 Purpuricenus sanguinolentus
9.4.4.4 Xylocopa latipes
9.4.4.5 Control Measures
9.4.5 Termites
9.5 Control Measures of Pests of Sandalwood
9.5.1 Chemical Control
9.5.2 Biological Control
9.6 Conclusions
References
10: The Sandalwood Trade: An Overview
10.1 Introduction
10.2 About Sandalwood Tree and Current Situation
10.3 Sandal Tree and Part Traded
10.3.1 Adulterants
10.3.2 Consumption of Sandalwood and Oil
10.4 Sandalwood and Brief on Pricing Trend
10.4.1 Historical Trade in Price
10.4.2 Price Trend During Twentieth Century
10.5 Price Trend of Sandalwood Oil
10.6 Domestic Market
10.7 Production in Trade
10.8 Import and Export Policy on Sandalwood
10.9 Case Study from the Industry, Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited (KSDL), India
10.9.1 KSDL History: High and Low
10.9.2 KSDL Turnover
10.9.3 Challenges Faced by KSDL
10.10 Conclusion
References
11: Sandalwood Smuggling and Illegal Trading in India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Illegal Sandalwood Trade
11.3 Sandalwood Smuggling
11.4 Sandalwood Mafias
11.5 The Ghost of Veerappan and Criminalization of Labour
11.6 Current Commercial Trend of Sandalwood Trade
11.7 Recent Policies on Sandalwood Trade
11.8 Conclusions
References
12: Tissue Culture Studies in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Tissue Culture Applications in Sandalwood
12.2.1 Tissue Culture Studies in Sandalwood
12.2.1.1 Explant Sources
12.2.1.2 Surface Sterilization
12.2.1.3 Culture Medium
12.2.1.4 In Vitro Regeneration of Sandalwood
12.3 Limitations
12.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
13: Sandalwood Biotechnology: Challenges, Opportunities, and Outlook
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Modern Biotechnology Strategies for Enhancing Sandalwood Bio-Prospects
13.2.1 Plant Tissue Culture
13.2.2 Plant Genetic Engineering
13.2.3 RNA Interference Approach in Sandalwood Improvement
13.2.4 Transgenic Hairy Roots
13.2.5 Host-Parasite Relationship in Sandalwood
13.2.6 Spike Disease in Sandalwood
13.2.7 Plant Metabolic Engineering and Metabolomics
13.2.8 Molecular Markers
13.2.9 Genomics
13.2.10 Image Analysis
13.2.11 Synthetic Biology and Nanobiotechnology
13.3 Conclusions
References
14: Sustainable Use, Threats, and Conservation of Sandalwood
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Liberalization of Legal Aspect of Sandalwood in India
14.3 Sustainable Use
14.4 Threats to Conservation
14.5 Conservation of Sandalwood
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Success Stories of Sandalwood
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Success Story 1: Sirigiri Ravinder: The Farmer and Businessman Combined
15.3 Success Story 2: Chava Chandrasekhar: The Farmer
15.4 Success Story 3: Thangamuthu the Farmer
15.5 Success Story 4: Rangaswamy, A Farmer
15.6 Success Story 5: Chinnegowda
15.7 Success Story 6: Raghunath, the Farmer
15.8 Success Story 7: Ayyappa Thoranagatti, the Farmer
15.9 Success Story 8: Ramesh, the Farmer
15.10 Success Story 9: Corporate Sector Enters Sandalwood Plantation
15.11 Success Story 10: Quintis Limited (Formerly Tropical Forestry Services Corporation Limited, Australia)
15.12 Success Story 11: Santanol Pty Ltd.
References
Websites