A concise, authoritative overview of a little-understood yet extremely important phenomenon in world politics: the use of economic sanctions by one country to punish another.
It's hard to browse the news without seeing reports of yet another imposition of sanctions by one country on another. The United States has sanctions against more than 30 countries. Russia has repeatedly imposed sanctions against former Soviet republics. China has developed its own approach, including targeting private entities such as the NBA. And it's not just major powers: Japan and South Korea have sanctioned each other over WWII and colonial legacies; Saudi Arabia against Qatar because of differences over Iran; and France, Germany, and Norway against Brazil over the Amazon forest and climate change. In Sanctions: What Everyone Needs to Know®, Bruce Jentleson--one of America's leading scholars on the subject--answers the fundamental questions about sanctions today: Why are they used so much? What are their varieties? What are the key factors affecting their success? Why have they become the tool of first resort for states engaged in international conflict? Jentleson demonstrates
that examining sanctions is key to understanding international relations and explains how and why they will likely continue to bear on global politics.
Author(s): Bruce W. Jentleson
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 280
City: New York
Cover
Half Title
Sanctions
Copyright
Contents
Introduction: Puzzles Posed for International Relations Theory and Foreign Policy Strategy
Part I: Scholarly Debates and Challenges
1. Economic Sanctions: What, Who, Why, and How
What Are the Different Types of Sanctions?
Who Are the Key Actors?
Why Are Sanctions Imposed in Terms of the Policy Objectives Pursued?
How Are Sanctions Supposed to Achieve Their Objectives?
2. Do Sanctions Work? Measuring Success
Case Counting: What Constitutes a Sanctions Case?
Which Metrics Best Measure Success?
Are Sanctions Ethical?
3. Explaining Sanctions Success/ Failure
Is Economic Impact the Key Factor?
Are Sanctions More Effective If Backed by Threats or Use of Military Force?
Is a Reciprocity Strategy, Sanctions and Inducements Together, More Effective Than Sanctions Alone?
What about Regime Type, Democracies Compared to Non- democracies?
Do Multilateral Sanctions Work Better Than Unilateral Ones?
How Effective Are Smart Sanctions, and Particularly Financial Sanctions?
Does Success Vary with the Principal Objective Being Pursued?
Part II: Major Cases, Theory Applied, Policy Analyzed
4. Historical Perspective: Lessons from Past Sanctions Cases
Athens- Sparta, Megarian Decree, 432 bc
Napoleon’s Continental System, 1806–1814
League of Nations, Italian Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935
Suez Crisis, US Sanctions against Britain, 1956
British and UN Sanctions against Rhodesia, 1965–1979
OPEC Sanctions against the US and Global Markets, 1973
Anti- Apartheid Sanctions against South Africa, 1962– 1994
Conclusion: Some Cross- Case Patterns
5. United States: Foreign Policy Strategy and Domestic Politics
Why Does the US Use Sanctions So Much More Frequently Than Any Other Country?
What Types of Sanctions Does the US Make Particular Use Of?
Whom Does the US Target?
What Are the Main Objectives the US Uses Sanctions For?
Are American Sanctions More Successful Than Others?
What Are Key Patterns in the Domestic Politics and Policy Process?
How Does Federalism and the Role of State and Local Governments Affect Sanctions?
What Are Some Major Recent Cases of US Sanctions?
What Main Conclusions Can Be Drawn and Challenges Identified for American Sanctions?
6. China’s Use of Sanctions
Why Does China Impose Sanctions?
What Types of Sanctions Does China Use, Those “Cued” Sanctions in Particular?
What Are Some Major Cases?
Summary: How Successful Have China’s Sanctions Been?
7. Soviet Union/ Russia: Energy Pipelines and Other Sanctions
How Successful Has the Soviet Union/ Russia Been in Its Use of Sanctions?
Soviet Sanctions against Yugoslavia, 1948– 1955
Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 1990s
Russian Ukraine Crisis Countersanctions against the US, EU, and Other Western Countries, 2014 and 2022
What Have Been the Key Issues with Soviet/ Russian Energy Pipelines to Western Europe?
Summary: How Has the Soviet Union/ Russia Fared as a Sanctions Sender State?
8. United Nations and European Union: Multilateral and Regional Sanctions
UN and Multilateral Sanctions
What Are Some Major Cases of UN Sanctions?
European Union Sanctions
Summary: What Are Some Key Policy Points for Multilateral Sanctions?
Conclusion: Sanctions Theory, Sanctions Policy
Appendix: 2022 Russia- Ukraine war sanctions
Notes
Index
