Saints and Sinners in the Sky: Astronomy, Religion and Art in Western Culture

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In this book, Boston University Professor of Astronomy Michael Mendillo takes readers deep into the annals of history, showing how visual depictions of the heavens evolved in tandem with science and religion throughout much of Western culture.

With unprecedented scope and scale, Professor Mendillo explores how cave art, illuminated manuscripts, sculptures, paintings and architecture reflected some of the great religious and secular battles taking place over the course of centuries. Enter a world of biblical proportions, where constellations of ancient heroes and pagans were thoroughly recast as Christian saints and the Twelve Apostles.

This nontechnical narrative brings vitality and accessibility to some of the most enduring subjects in human history, offering a lively new exploration of the visual connections between celestial phenomena and artistic expression.
“Ever wonder how religion and art became forces of imagination on our night skies? Or how the night skies became forces of imagination on our religion and art? In this brilliant study of constellations and culture, Michael Mendillo, professor of astronomy at Boston University, reveals that the canopy of stars has been an ideologically contested space from the beginning, ensuring that the next time you look up, the sky will look completely different to you.”- Neil deGrasse Tyson, Director, Hayden Planetarium, American Museum of Natural History

"Saints and Sinners impressionistically reveals the connections of art, astronomy, and religion in Western culture to illuminate the age-old quest for celestial-terrestrial connections.” - Roberta J.M. Olson, author of Giotto’s Portrait of Halley’s Comet and Cosmos: The Art and Science of the Universe

 “Professor Mendillo’s book does a priceless service, opening the doors of our minds to images that will stir us, because the heavens are part of us, and we all long to know how and why.” - Rev. David R. Thom, MIT Chaplain and Convener of the Cambridge Faculty Roundtable on Science, Art & Religion

"Over a lifetime devoted to astronomical research and teaching, Michael Mendillo has indulged a parallel passion for artistic representations of the heavenly bodies. In this sumptuous volume, he explores the projection of our changing belief systems onto the constant stars.” - Dava Sobel, author of LongitudeGalileo’s Daughter and The Glass Universe

Author(s): Michael Mendillo
Series: Springer Praxis Books in Popular Astronomy
Edition: 1st ed. 2022
Publisher: Springer-Praxis
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 265
City: Chichester

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Artistic Astronomy and Religious Iconography
Prologue
1: Astronomical Constellations and How to Portray Them
Scope and Scale
Focus on the Constellations
The First Depictions of Constellations
Reformations in Religion and Science—and the Art to Visualize Them
Ages of Discovery
Star Pictures From Earth
The View from Another Planet
Constellations Evolve
The Amazing Number Twelve
The Origins and Evolution of Constellation Imagery
The Farnese Globe
Printed Star Maps
The Ratdolt Images
The Dürer Maps
Demise of the Artistic Celestial Atlas
The Line-and-Dot Constellations
2: New Players, New Roles
Allesandro Piccolomini (1508–1578)
Family Background
A Young Activist Appears
Successes as a Science Writer
A Most Remarkable Woman in Siena
Alessandro’s Pivotal Achievement
Deciding Which Stars to Show
The Latter Years
Johannes Bayer (1572–1625)
Adding New Constellations
Naming New Constellations
Bayer’s Fundamental Contribution
Julius Schiller (1580–1627)
New Star Groups Get Old Names
Jeremias Drexel (1581–1638)
Previous Attempts
Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596–1665)
A Book of a Lifetime
Scientific Content
Journeys of Exploration
3: The Schiller Enterprise: Christianize the Constellations
Pagans and Prophets, Beasts and Bullies, Saints and Sinners
Options for Introducing a New Celestial Atlas
Schiller’s Dramatic Departure for a Celestial Atlas
Endorsements and Publicity
Schiller Tells His Story
But What Did The Apostles Look Like?
The Grand and Glorious Plan for a Starry Christian Heaven
4: The Christianized Zodiac of the Northern Hemisphere
The Constellation Aries
How About This Solution?
But Why a Ram?
The Moses Connection
Saint Peter Replaces Aries
Star Patterns and Images Assigned to Them
The Constellation Taurus
Saint Andrew Replaces Taurus
The Constellation Gemini
Many Options for Gemini’s Symbol
Saint James (the Greater) Replaces Gemini
The Constellation Cancer
Cancerous Tales
Saint John Replaces Cancer
Possible Symbols to Use
Distribution of Stars in Each Image
The Constellation Leo
Saint Thomas Replaces Leo
The Constellation Virgo
The Field of Dreams
A Complexity of Star Patterns
Virgo Has an Extended Family
Saint James (the Lesser) Replaces Virgo
Symbols of Martyrdom
The Lack of Female Constellations
5: The Christianized Zodiac of the Southern Hemisphere
The Constellation Libra
What Is Being Measured?
A Balanced Set of Star Stories
Saint Phillip Replaces Libra
Follow the Money
A Story More Odious Than Leftover Fish
The Constellation Scorpius
The Roman Scorpius 2.0
Saint Bartholomew Replaces Scorpius
A “Most Excellent Martyrdom”
The Constellation Sagittarius
A Focal Point of Non-Stellar Features
Saint Matthew Replaces Sagittarius
Christ’s Views on Diversity and Inclusion
The Constellation Capricornus
Tails Have Tales
Saint Simon Replaces Capricornus
Symbols of Martyrdom
The Constellation Aquarius
Why Water Falls?
The Astronomy Within Aquarius
Aquarius in the Modern Era
Saint Jude Thaddeus Replaces Aquarius
The Constellation Pisces
Fishy Tales
Reflection Upon Ourselves
Saint Matthias Replaces Pisces
Blowing in the Wind
6: Responses—Theological and Astronomical
Counter-Iconoclasts: The Destruction of Images, Terrestrial and Celestial
Counter-Art: Luther’s Position on the Styles of Religious Art
Counter-Clergy
Counter-Science
The Rise of the New Astronomy
What Was Schiller’s View on Science?
A Decidedly Narrow Scope
The Reaction of Astronomers
The Schiller Dilemma
Part II: Astronomy in Christian Art
Prologue
7: Pagan Constellations in Christian Art
Illuminated Manuscripts
Transition to the Renaissance
Constantine’s Dream: A Partial Celestial Globe in the Sky
A Matter of Perspective
Impact of Galileo’s New Astronomy Upon Religious Art
And Such Views!
Galileo’s Impact on Religious Art
Elsheimer’s Rendition of the Night Sky Above the Holy Family
Jesus and the Celestial Sphere: A Mosaic for the Russian Orthodox Cathedral in St. Petersburg
Repurposed Churches
A Golden Age for the Arts in St. Petersburg
8: Beyond Constellations: Astronomical Components in Religious Art
Giotto’s Christmas Comet
Giotto and the Celestial Domain
Giotto and Atmospheric Science
The Stellar Ceiling of the Scrovegni Chapel
Sun and Moon Scenes at the Crucifixion and Resurrection
Ceramics and the Sky: The Della Robbia Family
Portraits with Astronomical Content: Holbein and Botticelli
Holbein’s Ambassadors
Botticelli’s Saint Augustine
A False Start on a Religious Life
The Muggletonians: Biblical Versus Newtonian Cosmologies
Muggletonians and Exoplanets
Jesuits Teaching Astronomy in 17th Century China
Part III: Constellations in Secular Art and Architecture
Prologue
9: Rubens and Astronomy
Why Rubens?
Name Dropping at the Cosmic Level: My Friend Galileo
Who Are These Guys?
Galileo and the Aurora
A Nocturne with Moon, Meteor and Star Patterns
A Tribute to Elsheimer?
A Closer Look at Celestial Content
Carrying Speculation to a Conclusion
10: Constellation-Art Connections in Multimedia
Astronomy Minted: Coins and a Medallion from Ancient Rome
Hail Caesar
Celestial Globes as Public Art
Atlas for 30 Rock
New Aspects of Space in Rome: Zada Hadid and Anselm Kiefer
Model Solar Systems: Constellations of Planets
From the Earl of Orrery to Charles LeDray
Einstein and Alexander Calder’s Mobile Solar System
The Fabric of the Universe: Tapestries with Constellations
11: Constellations as Decorative Art
Palazzo della Ragione
La Villa Farnesina
J.P. Morgan’s Library
John Singer Sargent and the American Renaissance
Murals for America’s First Public Library
New Murals for a New Museum
Sargent’s Celestial Sphere
Where Did Sargent Find His Constellations?
A Zodiac for Chicago’s Public Library
New York’s Grand Central Terminal
Stazione Milano Centrale
12: Modern Art Themes of Constellations
Universe in a Box: The Art of Joseph Cornell
What Do the Names Mean?
Picasso and His Constellations
What was the Source of Picasso’s Fascination with Celestial Patterns?
The Legacy of Picasso’s Celestial Experiments
The Picasso Legacy to Fashion
Miró: Constellations as Complexities
13: Astronomical Stars of Modern Art
Vincent Van Gogh (1853–1890)
Edvard Munch (1863–1944)
A Do-Over
Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986)
There Are Stars in a City Too
O’Keeffe’s Daytime Astronomy
Jasper Johns (1930–)
Salvador Dalí (1904–1989)
Surrealism Needs Real Heavenly Bodies
Personalized Planets and Sun
Epilogue
Sources and Annotated Bibliography
Overview
Part I (Chapters 1–6)
Part II (Chapters 7 and 8)
Part III (Chapters 9–13)
Author Index
Subject Index