Safety at Work is widely accepted as the authoritative guide to safety and health in the workplace and covers all aspects of safety management. The sixth edition has been revised to cover recent changes to UK practice and standards in health, safety, employment and environmental legislation. It also incorporates EU directives and references to harmonised and international standards. Reflecting the importance of the roles of directors and managers in health and safety, new chapters cover the management of risk, emphasising the need for a sound organisational structure to achieve effective risk management. Developments in the behavioural approach to risk management and current thinking on the development of an international standard on safety management are also covered. Quality of the environment is rapidly becoming part of the safety manager's responsibilities both in the workplace and in the context of global pollution. A completely new part consisting of five chapters has been added dealing solely with environmental issues (including ISO 14001). The increasingly important role of ergonomics in health and safety is reflected in a new chapter on Applied Ergonomics, dealing with the subject pragmatically, that will allow the manager and practitioner to design process and operations that are within the limits of the human body. The effects of stress, an emerging concern in health and safety, are covered in various chapters. * The leading book on the subject of occupational safety that covers all aspects of safety management. * Revised to include changes in health, safety, employment and environmental legislation and issues. * Covers information required for NEBOSH and IOSH qualifications
Author(s): John Channing MSc(Safety) MSc(Chemistry) FIOSH RSP, John Ridley BSc CEng MIMechE FIOSH DMS
Edition: 6
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Year: 2003
Language: English
Pages: 1096
Safety at Work......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 18
3.8.4 Ergonomics Ò has designs on you......Page 0
Preface to sixth edition......Page 20
Preface to first edition......Page 24
Contributors......Page 26
I Law......Page 28
1.1.3 Some possible actions arising from the incident......Page 30
1.1.5 Criminal and civil law......Page 31
1.1.6 Branches of law......Page 32
1.1.8 The courts......Page 34
1.1.9 Judicial precedent......Page 44
1.1.10 Court procedure......Page 45
1.1.11 Identity of court personnel......Page 51
1.1.12 Employment Tribunals......Page 53
1.1.13 European Community Courts (ECJ)......Page 54
1.1.15 Sources of English law......Page 56
1.1.16 Legislation......Page 57
1.1.17 Safety legislation before the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act......Page 64
1.1.18 Safety legislation today......Page 65
1.1.19 Principles developed by the courts......Page 68
1.2.1 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974......Page 76
1.2.3 The Fire Precautions Act 1971......Page 86
1.2.5 The Environmental Protection Act 1990......Page 88
1.2.7 The Public Health Act 1936......Page 89
1.2.10 Crown premises......Page 90
1.2.11 Subordinate legislation......Page 91
1.3.2 The Robens Report1......Page 94
1.3.3 Delegation of law-making powers......Page 95
1.3.4 Legislative framework for health and safety......Page 96
1.3.5 Self-regulation......Page 97
1.3.6 Goal-setting legislation......Page 98
1.3.7 European Union......Page 99
1.3.8 European standards......Page 102
1.3.10 Social expectations......Page 104
1.3.12 Political influences......Page 105
1.3.13 Roles in health and safety......Page 106
1.3.15 Quality culture......Page 107
1.3.17 Risk assessments......Page 108
1.3.18 Conclusion......Page 109
1.4.1 Contracts......Page 111
1.4.2 Contracts of employment......Page 114
1.4.3 Employment legislation......Page 115
1.4.4 Law of sale......Page 117
1.4.5 Specialised legislation affecting occupational safety advisers......Page 119
1.5.2 Employment law......Page 123
1.5.3 Discrimination......Page 125
1.5.4 Disciplinary procedures......Page 132
1.5.5 Dismissal......Page 134
1.5.6 Summary......Page 144
1.6.1 Fair conditions of contract......Page 146
1.6.3 Product safety......Page 154
1.6.4 Product liability......Page 159
1.6.5 Misleading advertising......Page 161
1.6.6 Exclusion clauses......Page 162
1.6.8 Stop now orders......Page 165
1.6.9 Consumer redress......Page 166
7 Insurance cover and compensation......Page 168
1.7.3 Public Liability insurance......Page 177
1.7.4 Investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage......Page 178
1.7.5 General......Page 182
1.8.1 The common law and its development......Page 183
1.8.2 The law of tort......Page 184
1.8.4 Supply of goods......Page 188
1.8.7 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974......Page 192
1.8.8 Defences to a civil liability claim......Page 193
1.8.9 Volenti non fit injuria......Page 194
1.8.11 Assessment of damages......Page 195
1.8.12 Fatal accidents......Page 197
II The management of risk......Page 200
2.1.1 Introduction......Page 202
2.1.2 The components of risk......Page 204
2.1.3 Strategies to control risk......Page 207
2.1.4 Risk management in the 21st century......Page 211
2.2.1 Principles of action necessary to prevent accidents......Page 214
2.2.2 Definitions of hazard, risk and danger......Page 215
2.2.3 Risk management......Page 217
2.2.4 Loss control......Page 220
2.2.5 Degrees of hazard......Page 224
2.2.6 Accident causation models......Page 225
2.2.7 Accident prevention: legal, humanitarian and economic reasons for action......Page 228
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 232
2.3.2 Organisation structure models......Page 233
2.3.3 Roles and responsibilities......Page 237
2.3.4 Work groups......Page 239
2.3.5 Organisational theory......Page 241
2.3.6 Organisational techniques......Page 244
2.3.7 Culture......Page 247
2.3.8 Potential problems......Page 248
2.3.9 The role of specialists in the organisation......Page 251
2.3.10 Conclusion......Page 252
2.4.1 Risk identification, assessment and control......Page 254
2.4.2 Job safety analysis......Page 260
2.4.3 System safety......Page 265
2.4.4 Systems theory and design......Page 267
2.4.6 Fault tree analysis......Page 270
2.4.7 Probabilistic risk assessments......Page 271
2.4.8 Health and safety in design and planning......Page 273
2.4.9 Quality, Environment, Safety and Health Management Systems ( QUENSH)......Page 275
2.4.10 Use of data on accidents......Page 277
2.4.11 Maintenance systems and planned maintenance......Page 278
2.4.12 Damage control......Page 279
2.4.13 Cost-effectiveness of risk management......Page 280
2.4.14 Performance evaluation and appraisal......Page 284
2.4.15 Loss control profiling......Page 286
2.5.2 Types of accident and incident data......Page 290
2.5.3 Collection of accident and incident data......Page 294
2.5.5 The use of accident and incident data......Page 298
2.5.6 Epidemiological analysis......Page 306
2.5.7 Accident investigation......Page 308
2.5.8 Accident and incident data and risk assessment data......Page 319
2.5.9 The use of computers......Page 321
Appendix. UK requirements for reporting accidents and incidents......Page 326
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 331
2.6.2 Legal obligations......Page 332
2.6.3 Generic safety management......Page 333
2.6.4 Implementing a regulation within a safety management system......Page 337
2.6.5 Safety management and housekeeping......Page 342
2.6.6 Assessment techniques......Page 346
2.6.7 Proprietary audit systems......Page 349
2.6.8 Safety systems and incidents......Page 351
2.6.9 Learning organisations......Page 352
2.6.10 Safety management systems in small organisations......Page 354
2.6.11 Conclusion......Page 355
2.7.1 Introduction: What does this chapter try to do?......Page 357
2.7.2. Individuals as controllers of danger......Page 359
2.7.3 Behavioural science and the human information processor......Page 362
2.7.4 Individual behaviour in the face of danger......Page 378
2.7.5 Change......Page 400
2.7.6 Conclusion......Page 412
2.8.1 Introduction......Page 416
2.8.2 Behaviour modification for employees......Page 418
2.8.3 Behaviour modification for managers and supervisors......Page 429
2.8.4 Applying behaviour concepts to incident investigation......Page 435
2.8.6 Risk, behaviour, leadership and commitment......Page 437
2.8.7 Behaviour modification processes: the hazards......Page 439
2.8.8 Behaviour and safety culture......Page 440
2.8.9 Conclusion......Page 442
III Occupational health and hygiene......Page 446
3.1.2 History......Page 448
3.1.4 Overseas developments......Page 451
3.1.5 Risks to health at work......Page 452
3.1.6 Occupational hygiene......Page 453
3.1.7 First aid at work......Page 454
3.1.8 Basic human anatomy and physiology......Page 455
3.1.9 Cancer and other problems of cell growth......Page 470
3.1.11 Factors determining the effect of substances in the body......Page 472
3.1.12 The assessment of risk to health......Page 473
3.2.2 Toxicology......Page 474
3.2.3 Diseases of the skin......Page 478
3.2.4 Diseases of the respiratory system......Page 481
3.2.5 Diseases from metals......Page 487
3.2.6 Pesticides......Page 491
3.2.7 Solvents......Page 492
3.2.8 Gassing......Page 496
3.2.9 Oxygen deficiency......Page 498
3.2.10 Occupational cancer......Page 500
3.2.11 Physical agents......Page 502
3.2.12 Ionising radiations......Page 503
3.2.13 Noise-induced hearing loss......Page 506
3.2.15 Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD)......Page 509
3.2.16 Diseases due to micro-organisms......Page 510
3.2.17 Psycho-social disorders......Page 514
3.2.18 Target organs......Page 515
3.3.1 Recognition......Page 519
3.3.2 Evaluation......Page 520
3.3.3 Control measures......Page 539
3.3.4 Summary......Page 549
3.4.2 Structure of matter1Ò......Page 551
3.4.4 Ionising radiation4......Page 552
3.4.5 Biological effects of ionising radiation4–......Page 553
3.4.6 Quantities and units......Page 554
3.4.7 Basic principles of radiological protection......Page 555
3.4.8 Legal requirements......Page 560
3.4.9 National Radiological Protection Board......Page 563
3.4.11 Non-ionising radiation......Page 564
3.5.1 What is sound?......Page 570
3.5.2 Other terms commonly found in acoustics......Page 573
3.5.4 The sound level meter......Page 577
3.5.5 The ear......Page 579
3.5.6 The equivalent noise level......Page 580
3.5.7 Community noise levels......Page 581
3.5.8 Work area noise levels......Page 582
3.5.9 Noise control techniques......Page 583
3.5.10 Vibration......Page 591
3.5.11 Summary......Page 593
6 Workplace pollution, heat and ventilation......Page 595
3.6.1 Methods of assessment of workplace air pollution......Page 596
3.6.2 Measurement of the thermal environment......Page 599
3.6.3 Standards for workplace environments......Page 600
3.6.4 Ventilation control of a workplace environment......Page 602
3.6.5 Assessment of performance of ventilation systems......Page 604
3.7.2 The eye......Page 608
3.7.3 Eye conditions......Page 609
3.7.4 Definitions6......Page 610
3.7.5 Types of lighting......Page 612
3.7.6 Illuminances......Page 613
3.7.7 Factors affecting the quality of lighting......Page 615
3.7.8 Use of light measuring instruments......Page 618
3.8.1 Introduction......Page 621
3.8.2 Ergonomics defined......Page 622
3.8.5 Ergonomic concepts......Page 625
3.8.6 Managing ergonomic issues in the workplace......Page 632
3.8.7 Work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD)......Page 633
3.8.8 Back issues......Page 636
3.8.9 Managing the ergonomics of disability......Page 637
3.8.10 Legal requirements......Page 638
3.8.11 Conclusion......Page 641
3.9.1 Introduction......Page 644
3.9.2 Physiology......Page 645
3.9.3 Working environment......Page 658
3.9.4 Manual handling......Page 665
3.9.5 Repetitive actions......Page 666
3.9.7 Controls and indicators......Page 667
3.9.8 Noise and vibrations......Page 669
3.9.9 Stress......Page 670
3.9.10 Display screen equipment (DSE)......Page 671
3.9.11 Signs and signals......Page 672
3.9.12 Coda......Page 673
IV Workplace safety......Page 676
4.1.2 Structure of matter......Page 678
4.1.3 Properties of chemicals......Page 680
4.1.4 Physical properties......Page 684
4.1.5 Energy and work......Page 690
4.1.6 Mechanics......Page 691
4.1.7 Strength of materials......Page 692
4.1.8 Modes of failure......Page 694
4.1.10 Hydraulics......Page 695
4.1.11 Summary......Page 696
4.2.2 Basic fire technology......Page 698
4.2.3 Fire hazards and their control......Page 701
4.2.4 Fire alarms and detectors......Page 705
4.2.5 Classification of fires......Page 712
4.2.6 Portable fire-fighting equipment......Page 715
4.2.7 Fixed fire-fighting equipment......Page 722
4.2.8 Fire safety signs......Page 729
4.2.9 Means of escape in case of fire......Page 730
4.2.10 Fire engineering......Page 733
4.2.11 Fire protection measures......Page 735
4.2.12 Legal requirements......Page 738
4.2.13 Fire risk assessment......Page 743
4.2.14 Access and facilities for the fire brigade......Page 746
4.2.15 Fire terminology......Page 747
4.3.1 Introduction......Page 754
4.3.2 Strategy for selecting safeguards......Page 761
4.3.3 Safeguarding techniques......Page 764
4.3.4 Powered trucks......Page 776
4.3.5 Lifting equipment......Page 781
4.3.6 Pressure systems......Page 787
4.3.7 Coda......Page 793
4.4.1 Alternating and direct currents......Page 796
4.4.2 Electricity supply......Page 797
4.4.3 Statutory requirements......Page 799
4.4.5 Electrical accidents......Page 800
4.4.6 The basic electrical circuit......Page 801
4.4.7 Dangers from electricity......Page 802
4.4.8 Protective means......Page 805
4.4.9 Competence......Page 808
4.4.11 Static electricity......Page 809
4.4.12 Use of electricity in adverse or hazardous environments......Page 812
4.4.13 Electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres......Page 813
4.4.15 Residual current devices......Page 816
4.4.17 Conclusion......Page 817
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 820
4.5.3 Pressure systems......Page 821
4.5.4 Lifting equipment......Page 827
4.5.5 Power presses and press brakes......Page 833
4.5.6 Local exhaust ventilation......Page 835
4.5.7 Electrical equipment and installations......Page 837
4.5.8 Other considerations......Page 838
4.5.9 Conclusion......Page 841
4.6.1 Construction accidents......Page 846
4.6.2 Safe working in the industry......Page 847
4.6.3 Site hazards......Page 856
4.6.4 Access......Page 861
4.6.5 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998......Page 863
4.6.6 Welfare facilities......Page 868
4.6.7 Other relevant legislation......Page 869
4.7.2 Chemical data......Page 877
4.7.3 Source of information......Page 878
4.7.4 Risk assessments......Page 879
4.7.5 Minimising the risk......Page 883
4.7.6 Legislative requirements......Page 887
4.7.7 Storage of substances......Page 894
4.7.8 Transport......Page 898
4.7.9 Plant and process design......Page 899
4.7.10 Further safety studies......Page 908
4.7.12 Safe systems of work......Page 909
4.7.13 Laboratories......Page 911
4.7.14 Emergency procedures......Page 914
4.7.15 Conclusions......Page 915
V The environment......Page 918
5.1.1 Introduction......Page 920
5.1.2 Environmental predictions......Page 921
5.1.3 Sustainable development......Page 922
5.1.4 Environmental hazards......Page 925
5.1.5 Evaluating environmental risks......Page 927
5.1.6 Environmental control strategies......Page 931
5.1.7 Conclusion......Page 933
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 935
5.2.2 Establishing an environmental management system......Page 936
5.2.4 Conclusions......Page 946
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 948
5.3.2 Waste authorities......Page 949
5.3.3 National waste strategies......Page 950
5.3.4 Defining waste......Page 951
5.3.5 The waste hierarchy......Page 953
5.3.6 Waste management in practice......Page 954
EMERGENCY SPILLAGE PROCEDURE......Page 962
5.3.7 Waste minimisation......Page 969
5.3.8 The cost of failure to manage waste effectively......Page 979
5.3.9 Conclusion......Page 980
5.4.2 Chemical data......Page 983
5.4.4 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA)......Page 984
5.4.5 Minimising environmental harm......Page 989
5.4.6 Air pollution: control measures and abatement techniques......Page 992
5.4.7 Monitoring atmospheric pollution......Page 994
5.4.8 Control of water pollution......Page 997
5.4.9 Groundwater pollution15......Page 999
5.4.10 Waste disposal and duty of care......Page 1000
5.4.12 Environmental management systems......Page 1009
5.4.13 Conclusion......Page 1011
5.5.1 Introduction......Page 1013
5.5.2 Environmental issues......Page 1014
5.5.3 The environment and the media......Page 1020
5.5.4 The global impact of environmental issues......Page 1021
5.5.5 Ethical investing and green procurement......Page 1022
5.5.6 Increasing environmental legislation, controls and public reporting......Page 1023
5.5.7 End-of-pipe control......Page 1024
5.5.8 Polluter pays......Page 1025
5.5.9 Producer or shared responsibility......Page 1026
5.5.10 Environmental management system (EMS) and sustainable development......Page 1027
5.5.11 Corporate social responsibility......Page 1028
Appendices......Page 1032
The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health......Page 1034
Reading for Part I of the NEBOSH Diploma examination......Page 1035
List of abbreviations......Page 1036
Organisations providing safety information......Page 1042
List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders......Page 1044
List of Cases......Page 1052
Index......Page 1058
