This book explores the history of the nuclear nonproliferation dialogue between Russia (USSR) and the United States. By looking into the particulars of bilateral cooperation on NPT, Cooperative Threat Reduction program, arms control, and other issues, the authors offer lessons to be learned in preventing nuclear confrontations in the future. The book has been prepared in coordination between Russian and American scholars and experts and is a result of a series of Track 2.5 events devoted to restoring the nonproliferation cooperation between Russia and the United States. Covering all the aspects of the bilateral partnership since 1960 until today, this book will interest scholars of great power conflicts and nonproliferation. The workshop and the consequent work on the monograph became possible thanks to generous organizational & financial support from Centre russe d`etudes politiques (Geneva) and the Center for Policy Studies in Russia (Monterey, USA).
Author(s): Vladimir A. Orlov, Sergey D. Semenov
Edition: 1
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Commentary: TruePDF
Pages: 394
Tags: International Security Studies; Peace And Conflict Studies; International Relations Theory
Foreword by William Potter
Foreword by Anatoly Torkunov
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Acronyms
1 Preface: The Road Ahead Will Be Mastered By the Walking
1.
2.
3.
2 Introduction
Part I Soviet/Russian–American Cooperation on NPT Negotiations and Extension
3 Negotiations on Articles I and II of NPT: History and Lessons Learned
Origins of the Multilateral Nuclear Force Proposal
Start of Negotiations on the Non-Proliferation Treaty
Drafting of Articles I and II of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
Revival of the Nuclear Sharing Issue after the End of the Cold War
Conclusions
4 Russian–American Cooperation on NPT Extension: Lessons Learned
In the Lead-Up to the 1995 Review and Extension Conference
States Parties’ Positions Prior to the NPTREC
Preparations for the Review and Extension Conference
Views on the NPT’s Extension Before the 1995 Conference
Deliberations
Negotiation of the ‘Package Deal’
Negotiation of the Resolution on the Middle East
Conclusions
Part II Russian–American Dialogue on Regional Challenges to Nonproliferation
5 Dialogue on the Iranian Nuclear Program: Lessons Learned and Ignored (1992–2020)
Policy Foundations
1992–2000. The U.S. Adjusts Russian Policy
Political Background
Results
Lessons
2001–2010. Russia Balances Out U.S. Policy on Iran
Political Background
Results
Lessons
2011–2016. Russia Facilitates Negotiations
Political Background
Results
Lessons
2017–2020. The U.S. Unravels the Deal
Political Background
Results
Conclusion
6 Exchanges on Establishment of a Zone Free of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East
Introduction
Ideas on the Establishment of a Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone in the Middle East
1995 Review and Extension Conference
Incentives and Obstacles to Cooperation
Dimensions of U.S.–Russian Cooperation
Factors Contributing to Successful Cooperation
2000 NPT Review Conference
2010 NPT Review Conference, Glion and Geneva
Incentives and Obstacles to Cooperation
Dimensions of U.S.–Russian Cooperation
The 2012 Conference and the Informal Multilateral Consultation Process
Incentives and Obstacles to Cooperation
Dimensions of U.S.–Russian Cooperation
Factors Contributing to Successful Cooperation
Results of the 2005 and 2015 Review Conferences
Study of Russian and U.S. Proposals
Preparing for the 10th NPT Review Conference
Conclusions
Part III Russian–American Dialogue on Arms Control
7 Negotiations of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
Article VI of NPT and the Beginning of the Soviet–U.S. Dialogue
Interruption of the Dialogue in Early 1980s and Its Resumption
The Role of Offense–Defense Relationship in the Dialogue
START Negotiations After Reykjavik Summit
1989: New Stage of START
Defense and Space Debates in 1989–1991
Negotiations on START in 1989–1991
Political Struggle in Moscow and Washington Around START
Internal Diplomacy
Conclusions
8 Comparing Approaches Towards Global Zero in the Modern Period
1995–2000: NPT Review Process and Progress on Article VI Obligations
1995 NPT Review Conference
2000 NPT Review Conference
2009–2016: The ‘Prague Speech’ Period
Obama and Medvedev Governments Drive the Abolitionist Agenda
SORT vs. The New START
SORT Treaty
New START
Resolution of the Most Contentious Point in the Negotiations
A Call for Further Cuts
Nuclear Arsenal Modernization Programs
Russia and the United States in the NPT Review Process in 2010–2015
2010 Review Conference
2015 Review Conference
Conclusion
2016–2020: The Trump Administration
Changes in Nuclear Disarmament Rhetoric
‘Next-Generation Arms Control’
2018 and 2019 NPT Preparatory Committees
Conclusion
Looking Ahead and Lessons Learned
Arms Control Process Is Dependent on Both Strategic and Political Factors
A Resilient Backchannel Dialogue Between Decision-Makers in Moscow and Washington
Nuclear Weapons Perception as a Guarantee of Security Has to Change
Moral Norms and Public Pressure May Influence Leadership’s Personal Agenda
Political Will Means Flexibility in Negotiation
Personal Relationships Between the Negotiators Matter
Russia-U.S. Cooperation During the NPT Review Conferences Is an Important Element of Success
Cooperation Between the Nuclear Weapons states and the NPT Groupings Is Necessary
Diplomatic Engagement Outside of the NPT Is Extremely Beneficial
Rhetoric on NPT Article VI Has to be Backed Up by Concrete Actions
High-Level Engagement Creates an Environment That Is More Conducive to Results
9 Nuclear Sharing Arrangements: Military-Technical Aspects and Controversies
NATO Nuclear Sharing Arrangements: A Primer
The Tacit Understanding
Did the Soviet Union Have Its Own Nuclear Sharing?
From 1967 to 1991: Decline in Numbers of Us Nuclear Warheads and Systems Deployed in Europe
After the Cold War: In Search of Raison d’être
Reemergence of Russian–U.S. Debate on Nuclear Sharing
What Prompted the Reappraisal of the Russian Position?
Conclusions
Part IV Russian–American Cooperation on Nuclear Security and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
10 Cooperative Threat Reduction and Nuclear Security Initiatives in Bilateral Relations
Cooperative Threat Reduction Overview
G8 Global Partnership Overview
Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Overview
Key Lessons of Cooperation
Russia’s Interests
United States and European Interests
Origins of Russia’s Discontent with Cooperation
Conclusions
11 Cooperation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
Finding the Way Out of the Cold War
HEU-LEU Agreement
Plutonium Management Disposition Agreement (PMDA)
Lab-to-Lab Cooperation
Recent Attempts to Restore Cooperation
Prospects for Future Cooperation
Conclusions
Part V Russian–American Nonproliferation and Arms Control Dialogue Since 1991: From Patronage to Failed Partnership … What’s Next?
12 Interaction on Nuclear Nonproliferation in 1990s Through a Prism of Archival Documents
Removal of Nuclear Weapons from Ukraine
Contradictions on Iran Nuclear and Missile Programs
The Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
Yeltsin-Clinton Dialogue on NPT Extension
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Conclusions
13 Dialogue on Nuclear Issues: Road to Failed Partnership
United States in Pursuit of Absolute Security
The Law of Force or the Force of Law?
Same Game, Different Players—Same Song, Different Chorus
Gain an Inch and Ask for a Yard
Utilitarian Ethics in Action
Conclusions
14 Dialogue on Nuclear Nonproliferation Under Trump Administration
Failure and Legacy of 2015 NPT Review Conference
The 2017–2022 NPT Review Cycle
Nuclear Ban and Humanitarian Initiative
CEND: Creating Excuses for No Disarmament?
New START Implementation and Extension Debates
P5: Any Chances for Successful Engagement?
Iran Nuclear Deal
IAEA Safeguards
Why No Cooperation?
Prospects for the Future
Lessons Learned
15 Conclusions
1966–1991: Superpower Cooperation
1991–2000: Rise and Fall of U.S. Patronage
2001–2008: Consolidation of Unilateralism in U.S. Approaches to Nonproliferation
2009–2015: Reset & Error 404
2016–Present: Distrust and Rhetoric. What’s Next?
Index
