Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine

Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine, Seventh Edition
Half Title Page
Editors
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Section I: Mechanisms of Disease
Chapter 1: Cell Adaptation, Injury and Death
Mechanisms and Morphology of Cell Injury
Reactions to Persistent Stress and Cell Injury
Ubiquitin and the Ubiquitin–Proteasome System
Cell Death
Morphology of Cell Death
Necrosis
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis Is a Form of PCD That Relies Exclusively on the Caspase Cascade
Mechanisms of Apoptosis
Specialized Forms of PCD
Chapter 2: Inflammation
Development of the Concept of Inflammation
Overview of Inflammation
Acute Inflammation Often Begins with Tissue Injury
Plasma-Derived Mediators of Inflammation
Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediators
Extracellular Matrix Mediators
Cells of Inflammation
Leukocyte Recruitment in Acute Inflammation
Inflammatory Cell Functions in Acute Inflammation
Regulation of the Acute Inflammatory Response
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Injury and Repair in Chronic Inflammation
Granulomatous Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation and Tumorigenesis
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation
Chapter 3: Repair, Regeneration and Fibrosis
The Basic Processes of Healing
Repair
Regeneration
Conditions That Modify Repair
Chapter 4: Immunopathology
The Biology of the Immune System
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Immune Cell Effector Mechanisms
Integrated Immune Responses
Immunologically Mediated Tissue Injury
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Autoimmunity
Transplantation Immunology
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
The Appearance of AIDS
HIV-1 Biology and Behavior
Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Consequences
Chapter 5: Neoplasia
The Pathology of Neoplasia
Benign Versus Malignant Tumors
Classification of Neoplasms
Histologic Diagnosis of Malignancy
Invasion and Metastasis
Staging and Grading of Cancers
The Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer
Normal Processes That Regulate Cells and Inhibit Oncogenesis
Hallmarks of Cancer
Tumor Suppressors
Inherited Cancer Syndromes
Epigenetic Mechanisms and Cancer
Cancer Cell Metabolism
Genetic Instability in Cancer
Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Heterogeneity
Agents Implicated in Causing Cancer
Viruses and Human Cancer
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Physical Carcinogenesis
Systemic Effects of Cancer on the Host
Epidemiology of Cancer
Chapter 6: Developmental and Genetic Diseases
Glossary
Introduction
Principles of Teratology
Errors of Morphogenesis
Cytogenetics and Chromosomes
Chromosomal Syndromes
Autosomal Dominant Disorders Are Expressed in Heterozygotes
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
X-linked Disorders
Mitochondrial Diseases
Genetic Imprinting
Multifactorial Inheritance
Screening for Carriers of Genetic Disorders
Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders
Diseases of Infancy and Childhood
Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Neoplasms of Infancy and Childhood
Chapter 7: Hemodynamic Disorders
Normal Circulation
Disorders of Perfusion
Thrombosis
Embolism
Infarction
Edema
Fluid Loss and Overload
Shock
Chapter 8: Environmental and Nutritional Pathology
Smoking
Alcoholism
Drug Abuse
Iatrogenic Drug Injury
Sex Hormones
Environmental Chemicals
Thermal Regulatory Dysfunction
Altitude-Related Illnesses
Physical Injuries
Ultraviolet Light
Radiation
Nutritional Disorders
Chapter 9: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
The Toll of Infectious Diseases
Infectivity and Virulence
Host Defense Mechanisms
Viral Infections: Introduction
Viral Infections: RNA Viruses
Respiratory Viruses
Viral Exanthems
Mumps
Intestinal Virus Infections
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Viral Infections: DNA Viruses
Adenovirus
Human Parvovirus (Erythrovirus) B19
Smallpox (Variola)
Monkeypox
Herpesviruses
Epstein-Barr Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Human Papillomavirus
Prions: A New Disease Paradigm
Bacterial Infections
Pyogenic Gram-Positive Cocci
Bacterial Infections of Childhood
Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
Enteropathogenic Bacterial Infections
Pulmonary Infections with Gram-Negative Bacteria
Clostridial Diseases
Bacterial Infections with Animal Reservoirs or Insect Vectors
Infections Caused by Branching Filamentous Organisms
Spirochetal Infections
Syphilis
Nonvenereal Treponematoses
Lyme Disease
Leptospirosis
Relapsing Fever
Fusospirochetal Infections
Chlamydial Infections
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection
Psittacosis (Ornithosis)
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
Rickettsial Infections
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus
Endemic (Murine) Typhus
Scrub Typhus
Q Fever
Mycoplasmal Infections
Mycobacterial Infections
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare Complex
Atypical Mycobacteria
Fungal Infections
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
Candida
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
Sporotrichosis
Chromomycosis
Dermatophyte Infections
Mycetoma
Protozoal Infections
Malaria
Babesiosis
Toxoplasmosis
Amebiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
Leishmaniasis
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
African Trypanosomiasis
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Helminthic Infection
Filarial Nematodes
Intestinal Nematodes
Tissue Nematodes
Trematodes (Flukes)
Cestodes: Intestinal Tapeworms
Emerging and Reemerging Infections
Agents of Biowarfare
Section II: Pathogenesis of Systemic Conditions
Chapter 10: Aging
Biological Aging
Cellular Senescence and Organismal Aging
Genetic Diseases Resembling Premature Aging
Reduced Caloric Intake and Longevity
Chapter 11: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vasculitides
Sjögren Syndrome
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Chapter 12: Sepsis
Definitions
Triggers of Sepsis
Physiologic Responses to SIRS/Sepsis
Chapter 13: Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus
Obesity
Energy Intake and Expenditure
Body Mass Index and Obesity
Overnutrition, Insulin Resistance and Responsiveness Syndromes
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Complications of Diabetes
Chapter 14: The Pathology of Pregnancy
Obstetric Pathology and the Pathology of Pregnancy
Placenta
Immune Tolerance in Pregnancy
Placental Infections
Noninfectious Conditions Affecting Chorionic Villi
Vascular Disorders of the Placenta
Meconium Disorders
Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Low Birth Weight
Spontaneous Abortion
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Multiple Gestations
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Hellp Syndrome
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
Acute Fatty Liver of Pregnancy
Maternal Cardiac Disease
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Chapter 15: The Amyloidoses
Constituents of Amyloid
Staining Properties of Amyloid Deposits
Clinical Classification of the Amyloidoses and Fibril Proteins
Morphologic Features of Amyloidosis
Clinical Features and Organ Involvement in Amyloidosis
Treatment of Amyloidosis
Section III: Diseases of Individual Organ Systems
Chapter 16: Blood Vessels
Anatomy of Blood Vessels
Cells of the Blood Vessel Wall
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Atherosclerosis
Hypertensive Vascular Disease
Mönckeberg Medial Sclerosis
Raynaud Phenomenon
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Vasculitis
Aneurysms
Veins
Lymphatic Vessels
Benign Tumors of Blood Vessels
Malignant Tumors of Blood Vessels
Tumors of the Lymphatic System
Chapter 17: The Heart
Anatomy of the Heart
Myocardial Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Congenital Heart Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Cor Pulmonale
Acquired Valvular and Endocardial Diseases
Myocarditis
Metabolic Diseases of the Heart
Cardiomyopathy
Sudden Cardiac Death
Cardiac Tumors
Diseases of the Pericardium
Pathology of Interventional Therapies
Chapter 18: The Respiratory System
The Normal Respiratory System
Embryology
Anatomy
Defense Mechanisms
The Lungs
Congenital Anomalies
Diseases of the Bronchi and Bronchioles
Infections
Diffuse Alveolar Damage
Rare Alveolar Diseases
Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Pneumoconioses
Interstitial Lung Disease
Lung Transplantation
Vasculitis and Granulomatosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Neoplasms
Pulmonary Hamartoma
Carcinoma of the Lung
The Pleura
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
Pleuritis
Tumors of the Pleura
Chapter 19: The Gastrointestinal Tract
The Esophagus
Anatomy
Congenital Disorders
Motor Disorders
Hiatal Hernia
Esophagitis
Esophageal Varices
Lacerations and Perforations
Neoplasms of the Esophagus
The Stomach
Anatomy
Congenital Disorders
Acute Gastritis
Chronic Gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Enlarged Rugal Folds Usually Reflect Ménétrier or Zollinger-Ellison Diseases
Benign Neoplasms
Malignant Neoplasms
The Small Intestine
Anatomy
Congenital and Neonatal Disorders
Malabsorption
Obstruction
Intestinal Ischemia
Crohn Disease
Infections and Toxins
Neoplasms
The Ampulla
Anatomy
Neoplasms
The Appendix
Appendicitis
Appendiceal Neoplasms
The Large Intestine
Anatomy
Congenital Disorders
Infections of the Large Intestine
Diverticular Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Vascular Diseases
Radiation Enterocolitis
Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome
Polyps of the Colon and Rectum
Other Tumors of the Large Intestine
The Anus
Benign Lesions of the Anal Canal
Malignant Tumors of the Anal Canal
The Peritoneum
Peritonitis
Neoplasms of the Peritoneum
Chapter 20: The Liver and Biliary System
The Liver
Anatomy
Functions of the Liver
Bilirubin Metabolism and Mechanisms of Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Hepatic Failure
Portal Hypertension
Viral Hepatitis
Pathology of Viral Hepatitis
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Iron Overload Syndromes
Heritable Disorders Associated with Cirrhosis
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
Drug-induced Liver Injury
The Porphyrias
Vascular Disorders
Bacterial Infections
Parasitic Infestations
Cholestatic Syndromes of Infancy
Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions
Malignant Tumors of the Liver
Liver Transplantation
The Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Anatomy
Congenital Anomalies
Cholelithiasis
Acute Cholecystitis
Chronic Cholecystitis
Cholesterolosis
Tumors
Chapter 21: The Pancreas
Anatomy and Physiology
Congenital Anomalies
Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pancreatic Exocrine Neoplasia
The Endocrine Pancreas
Chapter 22: The Kidney
Anatomy
Blood Vessels
Congenital and Inherited Renal Diseases
Congenital Anomalies
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Acquired Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Kidney
Glomerular Diseases
Vascular Diseases
Diseases of Tubules and Interstitium
Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis and Urolithiasis)
Obstructive Uropathy and Hydronephrosis
Renal Transplantation
Tumors of the Kidney
Benign Renal Tumors
Malignant Tumors of the Kidney
Chapter 23: The Lower Urinary Tract and Male Reproductive System
Anatomy and Embryology
Lower Urinary Tract
Male Reproductive System
Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Congenital Disorders
Ureteritis and Ureteral Obstruction
Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Congenital Disorders
Cystitis
Benign Proliferative and Metaplastic Urothelial Lesions
Tumors of the Urinary Bladder
Penis, Urethra and Scrotum
Congenital Disorders of the Penis
Scrotal Masses
Circulatory Disturbances
Inflammatory Disorders
Urethritis and Related Conditions
Tumors
Testis, Epididymis and Vas Deferens
Cryptorchidism
Abnormalities of Sexual Differentiation
Male Infertility
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Tumors of the Testis
Prostate
Prostatitis
Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate
In Situ and Invasive Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
Chapter 24: The Female Reproductive System and Peritoneum
Embryology
Genital Infections
Vulva
Anatomy
Developmental Anomalies and Cysts
Dermatoses
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors and Premalignant Conditions
Vagina
Anatomy
Nonneoplastic Conditions and Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors of the Vagina
Cervix
Anatomy
Cervicitis
Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of the Cervix
Squamous Cell Neoplasia
Uterus
Anatomy
The Menstrual Cycle
Endometrium of Pregnancy
Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus
Endometritis
Traumatic Lesions
Adenomyosis
Hormonal Effects
Endometrial Tumors
Fallopian Tube
Anatomy
Salpingitis
Ectopic Pregnancy
Fallopian Tube Tumors
Ovary
Anatomy and Embryology
Cystic Lesions of the Ovaries
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Stromal Hyperthecosis
Ovarian Tumors
Peritoneum
Endometriosis
Mesothelial Tumors
Serous Tumors (Primary and Metastatic)
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Chapter 25: The Breast
Development, Anatomy and Physiologic Change
Developmental Abnormalities
Inflammatory Diseases of the Breast
Benign Epithelial Lesions
Fibroepithelial Lesions
Stromal Lesions
Carcinoma of the Breast
Prognostic Factors
The Male Breast
Chapter 26: Hematopathology
Bone and Normal Myelopoietic Cells
Embryology
Bone Marrow
Red Blood Cells
Normal Structure and Function
Anemia
Polycythemia
Platelets and Hemostasis
Normal Hemostasis
Hemostatic Disorders
Nonmalignant Disorders of White Blood Cells
Disorders of Neutrophils
Disorders of Other White Blood Cell Series
Disorders of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Nonmalignant Stem Cell Disorders
Leukemias and Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Disorders of the Lymphoid System
Normal Lymph Nodes and Lymphocytes
Benign Disorders of the Lymphoid System
Malignant Lymphomas
Histiocytic Disorders
Spleen
Anatomy and Function
Disorders of the Spleen
Thymus
Anatomy and Function
Agenesis and Dysplasia
Thymic Hyperplasia
Thymoma
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involvingthe Hematopoietic System
Hematologic Manifestations of Neoplasia
Cutaneous Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
Endocrine Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
Renal Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
Neurologic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
Rheumatic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
General Symptomatologic Manifestations of Hematologic Malignancies
Chapter 27: The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
Anatomy
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Adenomas
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis
Thyroid Gland
Anatomy
Thyroid Function
Congenital Anomalies
Nontoxic Goiter
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroiditis
Follicular Adenoma of the Thyroid
Thyroid Cancer
Parathyroid Glands
Anatomy and Physiology
Hypoparathyroidism
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Adrenal Cortex
Anatomy
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency
Adrenal Hyperfunction
Miscellaneous Adrenal Tumors
Adrenal Medulla and Paraganglia
Anatomy and Function
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Pineal Gland
Anatomy and Function
Neoplasms
Paraneoplastic Syndromes with Endocrine Function
Chapter 28: The Skin
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
Diseases of the Epidermis
Diseases of the Basement Membrane Zone (Dermal–Epidermal Interface)
Inflammatory Diseases of the Superficial and Deep Vascular Bed
Scleroderma: A Disorder of the Dermal Connective Tissue
Inflammatory Disorders of the Panniculus
Infections and Infestations
Primary Neoplasms of the Skin
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving the Skin
Chapter 29: The Head and Neck
Oral Cavity
Developmental Anomalies
Infections of the Oral Cavity
Benign Tumors
Preneoplastic or Precursor Epithelial Lesions
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Malignant Minor Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Benign Diseases of the Lips
Benign Diseases of the Tongue
Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
Periodontal Disease
Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Nose and Nasal Vestibule
Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
Malignancies of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Nasopharynx and Oropharynx
Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia
Infections
Neoplasms
Larynx and Hypopharynx
Infections
Vocal Cord Nodule and Polyp
Neoplasms of the Larynx
Salivary Glands
Benign Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors
The Ear
External Ear
Middle Ear
Internal Ear
Chapter 30: Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue
Bones
Anatomy
Bone Formation and Growth
Disorders of the Growth Plate
Modeling Abnormalities
Delayed Maturation of Bone
Fracture
Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis, Aseptic Necrosis)
Reactive Bone Formation
Infections
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Metabolic Bone Diseases
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Renal Osteodystrophy
Paget Disease of Bone
Gaucher Disease
Fibrous Dysplasia
Benign Tumors of Bone
Malignant Tumors of Bone
Joints
Classification of Synovial Joints
Structures of the Synovial Joint
Osteoarthritis
Neuropathic Joint Disease (Charcot Joint)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lyme Disease
Gout
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease (Chondrocalcinosis and Pseudogout)
Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease
Hemophilia, Hemochromatosis and Ochronosis
Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Joints
Soft Tissue Tumors
Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions of Fibrous Origin
Tumors of Adipose Tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth Muscle Tumors
Vascular Tumors
Synovial Sarcoma
Chapter 31: Skeletal Muscle and Peripheral Nervous System
Skeletal Muscle
Embryology and Anatomy
General Pathologic Reactions
Muscular Dystrophy
Congenital Myopathies
Inflammatory Myopathies
Myasthenia Gravis
Inherited Metabolic Diseases
Rhabdomyolysis
Denervation
Type II Fiber Atrophy
Critical Illness Myopathy
The Peripheral Nervous System
Anatomy
Reactions to Injury
Peripheral Neuropathies
Nerve Trauma
Tumors
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving Muscle and Peripheral Nerves
Chapter 32: The Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
Specialized Regions of the Central Nervous System
Increased Intracranial Pressure and Herniation
Trauma
Cerebrovascular Disorders
CNS Infections
Demyelinating Diseases
Toxic and Metabolic Disorders
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Developmental Malformations
Central Nervous System Neoplasia
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Involving the Central Nervous System
Autoimmune Tumor-Associated Syndromes
Chapter 33: The Eye
Physical and Chemical Injuries
The Eyelids
The Orbit
The Conjunctiva
The Cornea
The Lens
The Uvea
The Retina
The Optic Nerve
Glaucoma
Myopia
Phthisis Bulbi
Ocular Neoplasms
Chapter 34: Forensic Pathology
The Manner of Death
Evidence Analyzed by the Forensic Pathologist
Accident Versus Homicide Versus Suicide
Timing of Death
Figure Acknowledgments
Index
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