Rubber products are widely used in all aspects of oil and gas drilling and production, which play an important role in oil and gas development. The performances of rubber products determine the safe and efficient development of oil and gas. In this book, rubber experiment and the constitutive model have been introduced. The rubber sealing ring, metal-rubber sealing structure, stator rubber of PDM, wellhead BOP and downhole rubber packer have been investigated. The mechanical properties and sealing properties of rubber structures have been studied. These contents can provide a basis for the design, manufacture and maintenance of rubber structures.
Author(s): Jie Zhang, Chuanjun Han
Publisher: CRC Press/Science Publishers
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 187
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
1. Background
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Rubber used in the field of oil and gas equipment
1.2.1 Rubber sealing ring
1.2.2 Metal-rubber sealing structure in roller cone bit
1.2.3 Screw drill rubber lining
1.2.4 Seal structure of the pump
1.2.5 Wellhead blowout preventer
1.2.6 Packer
References
2. A Rubber Experiment and the Constitutive Model
2.1 Rubber’s material properties
2.2 Nonlinear characteristics
2.2.1 Material nonlinearity
2.2.2 Geometry nonlinearity
2.2.3 Contact nonlinearity
2.3 Rubber constitutive model
2.3.1 The constitutive relation of rubber
2.3.2 Structural model of synthetic rubber
2.3.3 The constitutive model
2.4 Single-axis stretching experiment
2.4.1 Experiment design
2.4.2 Experiment results
2.4.2.1 Fatigue damage resistance
2.4.2.2 Stress-strain curve
2.4.2.3 Elastic modulus
2.5 Rubber friction wear
2.5.1 Test materials and processes
2.5.1.1 Testing material
2.5.1.2 Experiment process
2.5.2 Test results
2.5.2.1 Effect of speed on the friction coefficient
2.5.2.2 Effect of sand content on friction coefficient and wear
2.5.3 Surface morphology of rubber wear
References
3. Mechanical Behavior and Sealing Performance of the Rubber Sealing Rings
3.1 Materials and methods
3.2 O-ring
3.2.1 Tribology experiment
3.2.2 Static sealing performance
3.2.2.1 Sealing performance
3.2.2.2 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.2.2.3 Effect of the friction coefficient
3.2.2.4 Effect of the compression ratio
3.2.3 Dynamic sealing performance
3.2.3.1 Sealing performance
3.2.3.2 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.2.3.3 Effect of the friction coefficient
3.2.3.4 Effect of the compression ratio
3.2.4 Bitten failure analysis
3.3 D-ring
3.3.1 Sealing performance
3.3.2 Effect of the compression amount
3.3.3 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.3.4 Effect of the rubber hardness
3.3.5 Dynamic sealing performance
3.4 X-ring
3.4.1 Static seal characteristics
3.4.1.1 Effect of the compression amount
3.4.1.2 Effect of the friction coefficient
3.4.1.3 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.4.1.4 Effect of the rubber hardness
3.4.2 Improvement of the sealing ring section
3.4.2.1 Performance of the static seal
3.4.2.2 Performance of the reciprocating seal
3.5 Rectangular ring
3.5.1 Effect of the initial compression ratio
3.5.2 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.5.3 Effect of the friction coefficient
3.5.4 Effect of the rubber hardness
3.6 Bio-mimetic ring
3.6.1 Structure design
3.6.2 Static sealing performances
3.6.2.1 Stress on the sealing ring
3.6.2.2 Effect of the compression amount
3.6.2.3 Effect of the friction coefficient
3.6.2.4 Effect of the fluid pressure
3.6.2.5 Effect of the rubber material
3.6.3 Dynamic sealing performances
3.6.3.1 Comparison with other sealing rings
3.6.3.2 Effect of compression amount
3.6.3.3 Effect of friction coefficient
3.6.3.4 Effect of fluid pressure
3.6.3.5 Effect of rubber hardness
References
4. Metal-rubber Sealing Structure in the Roller Cone Bit
4.1 Sealing structure
4.2 Materials and models
4.3 Metal sealing system
4.3.1 Effect of the fluid pressure
4.3.1.1 No fluid pressure
4.3.1.2 Fluid pressure
4.3.2 Effect of the compression ratio
4.3.3 Effect of fluid pressure
4.3.4 Effect of the inclination angle
4.3.5 Effect of the ambient temperature
4.4 HAR and O-ring
4.4.1 Sealing performance
4.4.2 Effect of the compression ratio
4.4.3 Effect of the fluid pressure
4.4.4 Effect of the ambient temperature
4.4.5 Effect of the friction coefficient
4.5 Conclusions
References
5. Stator Rubber of the Positive Displacement Motor (PDM)
5.1 Failure analysis of power section assembly
5.1.1 Fault tree model
5.1.2 Failure analysis and improvement measures
5.2 Rubber lining of the PDM
5.3 Heat source analysis and the heat generation mathematical model
5.3.1 Mathematical model of heat generation in rubber bushing
5.3.2 Heat conduction differential equation
5.3.3 Basic assumptions
5.4 Thermal mechanical coupling effect
5.4.1 Uniform temperature field analysis
5.4.2 Non-uniform temperature field analysis
5.4.3 Factors influencing the temperature rise
5.4.3.1 Effect of the hydrostatic pressure
5.4.3.2 Effect of the rotor speed
5.4.3.3 Effect of the rubber hardness
5.4.3.4 Effect of the Poisson’s ratio
5.4.3.5 Effect of the strata temperature
5.4.3.6 Effect of the differential pressure
5.5 Mechanical behavior without heat effect
5.5.1 Stress and strain on the rubber lining
5.5.2 Effect of the drilling fluid pressure
5.5.3 Effect of the rubber hardness
5.5.4 Effect of the downhole temperature
5.5.5 Effect of the pressure difference
5.6 Conclusions
References
6. Sealing Structure of the Pump
6.1 Seals for pumps
6.1.1 Fracturing pump
6.1.2 Mud pump
6.2 The plunger seal of the fracturing pump
6.2.1 Numerical model
6.2.2 Structural parameters of the non-sealing ring
6.2.2.1 Effect of the support ring angle
6.2.2.2 Effect of the pressure ring angle
6.2.2.3 Effect of the friction coefficient
6.2.3 Structural parameters of the sealing ring
6.2.3.1 Effect of the lip angle
6.2.3.2 Effect of the sealing surface length
6.2.3.3 Effect of the interference of sealing ring
6.2.3.4 Effect of the sealing ring number
6.3 Plunger seal of mud pump
6.3.1 Numerical model
6.3.2 Force of mud pump piston
6.3.3 Factors influencing the piston’s performance
6.3.3.1 Effect of the working load
6.3.3.2 Effect of the friction coefficient
6.3.3.3 Effect of the inner wall width
6.3.3.4 Effect of the interference
6.3.3.5 Effect of the thickness
6.3.4 Improvement of the rubber cup
References
7. Wellhead Blowout Preventer
7.1 BOP
7.1.1 Overview of a BOP
7.1.1.1 Semi-enclosed ram BOP
7.1.1.2 Shear ram BOP
7.1.1.3 Rotary BOP
7.2 Ram BOP
7.2.1 Finite element model
7.2.2 Results and discussions
7.2.2.1 Effect of the load
7.2.2.2 Effect of the inner radius of the rubber core
7.2.2.3 Effect of the rubber core’s height
7.2.3 Erosion of the BOP’s ram’s rubber
7.3 Shearing ram BOP
7.3.1 Finite element model
7.3.2 Results and discussions
7.3.2.1 Floating bottom seal structure
7.3.2.2 Chamfer of the lower ram
7.4 Rotary BOP
7.4.1 Numerical calculation model
7.4.2 Results and discussions
7.4.2.1 Effect of the well fluid pressure
7.4.2.2 Effect of the friction coefficient
7.4.2.3 Effect of length of the main sealing surface
7.4.2.4 Effect of the outer cone angle
References
8. Downhole Rubber Packer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Compression packer
8.2.1 Finite element model
8.2.2 Effect of structural parameters
8.2.2.1 Rubber cylinder height
8.2.2.2 End face of the rubber cylinder
8.2.2.3 Rubber cylinder sub-thickness
8.2.2.4 Spacer ring diameter at both ends of the rubber cylinder
8.2.2.5 The friction coefficient
8.2.2.6 Axial load
8.3 Expansion packer
8.3.1 Finite element model
8.3.2 Effect of structural parameters
8.3.2.1 Inclination of the rubber tube shoulder
8.3.2.2 Thickness
8.3.2.3 Length
8.3.3 Effect of other parameters
8.3.3.1 Chamfering of the rubber cylinder seat
8.3.3.2 Gap between the rubber tube and the casing
References
Index
