This handbook offers a comprehensive analysis of peacebuilding in ethnic conflicts, with attention to theory, peacebuilder roles, making sense of the past and shaping the future, as well as case studies and approaches.
Comprising 28 chapters that present key insights on peacebuilding in ethnic conflicts, the volume has implications for teaching and training, as well as for practice and policy. The handbook is divided into four thematic parts. Part 1 focuses on critical dimensions of ethnic conflicts, including root causes, gender, external involvements, emancipatory peacebuilding, hatred as a public health issue, environmental issues, American nationalism, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Part 2 focuses on peacebuilders’ roles, including Indigenous peacemaking, nonviolent accompaniment, peace leadership in the military, interreligious peacebuilders, local women, and young people. Part 3 addresses the past and shaping of the future, including a discussion of public memory, heritage rights and monuments, refugees, trauma and memory, aggregated trauma in the African-American community, exhumations after genocide, and a healing-centered approach to conflict. Part 4 presents case studies on Sri Lanka’s postwar reconciliation process, peacebuilding in Mindanao, the transformative peace negotiation in Aceh and Bougainville, external economic aid for peacebuilding in Northern Ireland, Indigenous and local peacemaking, and a continuum of peacebuilding focal points. The handbook offers perspectives on the breadth and significance of peacebuilding work in ethnic conflicts throughout the world.
This volume will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding, ethnic conflict, security studies, and international relations.
Author(s): Jessica Senehi, Imani Michelle Scott, Sean Byrne, Thomas G. Matyók
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 392
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Illustrations
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Peacebuilding and ethnic conflict
Background
About this book
Conceptual focus and organization of the volume
Part 1: Key dimensions of ethnic conflicts
Part 2: Peacebuilders in ethnic conflict
Part 3: Addressing the past and shaping the future
Part 4: Approaches and cases
Conclusion
References
Part I: Key Dimensions of Ethnic Conflicts
1. The roots of ethnopolitical conflict
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Rhetoric matters
State structure matters
Emotions matter
Look at leaders and organizations
Conclusion
Note
References
2. How gender is implicated in ethnopolitical conflict
Background
Rape
Women combatants
Women leaders
Mothers and caregivers
Women negotiators and peacemakers
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Note
References
3. Complex effects of external involvements in ethnopolitical violence
Background: Types of engagement
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
Notes
References
4. Re-examining peacebuilding priorities: Liberal peace and the emancipatory critique
Key insights
The critique of liberal peace
Does liberal peacebuilding really exist?
The high stakes of connecting theory to practice
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
Note
References
5. Hatred is a contagious disease and public health issue in ethnopolitical conflicts
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
References
6. The environment and peacebuilding in ethnic conflict
The environment and ethnic conflict
Environmental security
Critical approaches
Environment and peacebuilding
Critical framework for environmental peacebuilding
Critical emancipatory peacebuilding
Environmental conflict
Critical environmental justice
Critical environmental peacebuilding
Key insights
Environment provides a space for peacebuilding
Grassroots/local ownership of the process
Emphasis on sustainable practices
Centralizing a social justice framework
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
References
7. Deconstructing the relapse of American nationalism
The security threat: Post 9/11 protracted warfare
Extremism breeds extremism
America's gun culture
Gun culture versus gun reality
Nationalism as engulfing master narrative
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
8. How does the COVID-19 pandemic influence peacebuilding, diversity management, the handling of ethnic conflict, and ethnic minorities?
Context
Some considerations and methodological issues
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
Notes
References
Part II: Peacebuilders in Ethnic Conflicts
9. Indigenous peacemaking and restorative justice
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
10. Interactive conflict resolution: Addressing the essence of ethnopolitical conflict and peacebuilding
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Note
References
11. Core dynamics of nonviolent accompaniment and unarmed civilian protection
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Notes
References
12. Peace leadership, security, and the role of the military in ethnopolitical conflict
Introduction
Theoretical concepts
Understanding the context
The circle of conflict and peace efforts
Power
Control/exploitation
Frustration and violence
Military effort
Leadership structure
The military as a national institution
External influence
Misleading neutrality
Positive ethnicity in peacebuilding: New direction in R2P?
Key findings
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
References
13. Interreligious peacebuilding: An emerging pathway for sustainable peace
Background: Religion in peacebuilding: A force for change
Key insights: Attributes of religious and interreligious peacebuilding
Motivation
Intentional integration of faith in the design
The third-party role in the IRPB intervention is as important as in secular peacebuilding initiatives or settings
Interreligious peacebuilding and violent extremism: Trap and opportunity
Types of intervention and challenges in engaging policymaking agencies
Mapping the types of engagement with religious agencies in peacebuilding intervention
Implications for policy and practitioners
Conclusion
Notes
References
14. The laughter that knows the darkness: The Mamas' resistance to annihilative violence in West Papua
Background
Context: West Papua and the Mamas
West Papua
What is a Mama?
Key insights
List of cases
Breaking the silence
Mama Viki: "Don't stay alone with your burdens"
Mama Josefina: "The first time I set foot in the city of Sorrow it was embracing the corpse of my son"
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice
Implications for policy
Walking through suffering: Celebration of the suffering
Mama Bunia: "Whatever life's challenges, however heavy, she will keep walking through"
Mama Koinonia: "So we face everything but have to smile"
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Perjuangan: The hard work of striving through suffering
Mama Tika: "We must continue to be prepared"
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
Notes
References
15. The role of youth in ethnopolitical conflicts
Background
Who are youth?
Youth, peace, and conflict nexus
Youth as potential troublemakers
Youth as victims
Key insights: Youth as agents of change
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
References
Part III: Addressing the Past and Shaping the Future
16. On peacebuilding and public memory: Iconoclasm, dialogue, and race
Background
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
17. When the past is always present: Heritage rights, monuments, and cultural divides
Background
Locating commemorative controversy
Collective identity and rites of omission
Key insights
Demographic shifts and cultural violence
Monumental concepts in law
Implications for teaching and training
Flexible platforms
Implications for practice and policy
References
18. Voices of their own: Refugees missing home and building a future
Background
Key insights
Missing home is missing family and loved ones
Missing home is missing the space and place, the familiarity, and culture
Missing home is missing being a part of change
Missing home is not missing the insecurity and social collapse
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
19. Trauma, recovery, and memory
Background: Critical trauma strands
Key insights—radically present ecologies of trauma
Implications for teaching and training: Repoliticizing trauma
Implications for practice and policy—hierarchies of pain
References
20. A season of reckoning for the children: Exploring the realities of aggregated trauma in the African American community
Background: Racism as a "socially transmitted disease"
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
21. Peace after genocide: Exhumations, expectations, and peacebuilding efforts in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Background: Peace after genocide
Background: Genocide in GPS coordinates and a landscape of mass graves
Key insights
Searching for the missing in the aftermath
To forgive or to forget, none or both
What happens after the exhumation?
Implications for teaching and training: Numbers, names, individual identity
Conclusion: Implications for practice and policy
Notes
References
22. A healing-centered peacebuilding approach
Background
Key insights
The systems map
Implementation responses
The mental health approach
The psychosocial support approach
The "ignore it" approach
The healing-centered approach
Inclusion
Multidisciplinary and multisectoral
A role for lived experiences
Local and traditional healers are included
Customization and contextualization
Community-informed and cultural adapted
Importance of storytelling
Uses a decolonizing approach
Utilizes community resources sustainably
Breaking cycles of violence
Engaging both victims and perpetrators
Supporting the development of agency
Systems thinking
Resilience-informed
A foundation for development, justice, and governance interventions
Includes collective healing approaches
Promotes ecological healing
Trauma-informed tools
Relationship holds and transforms space for others
Neuroscience concepts ground practice
Embodied practices regulate the nervous system
Arts-based interventions open creativity and innovation
Implications for teaching and training
Prepare students to meet trauma and to include healing
Trauma-informed organizational training
Implications for practice and policy
Localization must be authentic
Prioritize evidence-based research
References
Part IV: Approaches and Cases
23. Sri Lanka's postwar reconciliation: Reconciling the local and international
Background: Terminating the war
Key insights: Reconciliation
International campaign
Government response
The Tamil attitude
Change of strategy
Back to national security?
Implications for Practice and Policy
Implications for teaching and training
Conclusion
References
24. Emancipatory peacebuilding and conflict transformation: Mindanao as a case study
Background: Philippine context
The tri-people dimension: Multiethnic conflict
Key peacebuilding insights: Contested spaces
Implications for teaching and training
Community spaces: Building the caring collective
3B theory: Relational and structural interconnectedness
Implications for practice and policy
Bantay Ceasefire
Christians for Peace Movement
Conclusion
Notes
References
25. Transformative peace negotiation
Background
Key insights
Promotion of an inclusive process in Aceh
Culturally reflective third-party mediation: Bougainville
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Note
References
26. External aid and peacebuilding
Background
The role of economic aid
Donor motivations
Donors and the local
Key insights
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
27. Bringing the Indigenous into mainstream peacemaking and peacebuilding in farmer-herder conflicts: Some critical reflections
Background: Theoretical concepts
Local peacebuilding and its roots
Liberal peace debate
Key findings
Culture and indigenous peacemaking
Rituals as peacemaking and rituals of connection
Transcultural constructive storytellers
Indigenous knowledge and peacemaking system
Indigenous peacemaking works within the Indigenous community
Implications for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
Conclusions
References
28. Focal points in ethnic conflicts: A peacebuilding continuum
Background: Leveraging the complexity of conflict
Key insights
Focal point 1: The ethics of intercultural peacebuilding
Focal point 2: Reflexivity and positionality
Focal point 3: Dialogue and problem-solving
Focal point 4: Indigenous and local approaches
Focal point 5: Multitrack peacebuilding and community-based organizations
Focal point 6: Peace education
Focal point 7: Nonviolent collective action and building awareness
Focal point 8: Trauma-healing
Focal point 9: Transitional justice
Focal point 10: Formal peace processes
Implication for teaching and training
Implications for practice and policy
References
Conclusions: Peacebuilding and ethnopolitical conflicts revisited
Ethnopolitical conflicts and peacebuilding
Part 1: Key dimensions of ethnic conflicts
Part 2: Peacebuilders in ethnic conflict
Implications for moving forward
Future research and practice inquiry
Part 3: Addressing the past and shaping the future
Peacebuilding amid protest
Implications for moving forward: Peacebuilding and the pandemic
Communities as safe spaces
Questions for the future
Part 4: Approaches and cases
Conclusions
References
Index
