Routledge Handbook of NGOs and International Relations

Cover
Half Title
Praise
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of contributors
Foreword by Peter Willetts
References
Acknowledgements
Introducing NGOs and International Relations
Introducing NGOs
NGOs and International Relations
NGOs’ structures and networks
The influence and interactions of NGOs
The wide array of issue-areas
Contemporary challenges
The structure of this volume
The prospects for further research
References
Part I: History and contributions
Chapter 1: The emergence of NGOs as actors on the world stage
The creation of NGOs at the UN charter conference
The emergence of global civil society in the nineteenth century
Periods and trends of the ‘NGO world’
References
Chapter 2: NGOs’ interactions with states
States and NGOs in international relations (IR)
Patterns of interaction
Factors shaping NGO–state relations
Influence
Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 3: NGOs in global governance
Introduction
Observing NGOs in global governance
Explaining variation in institutional design
Understanding NGOs in global governance
Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 4: Transnational non-state politics
Introduction
Advocacy bypassing the state
Transnational service provision
Transnational governance
Transnational order
Critiques
Conclusion
References
Part II: Theory and analysis
Chapter 5:Constituting NGOs
Introduction
Norms and representation constitute NGOs
National origin constitutes NGOs
State interests constitute NGOs
Stakeholder accountability constitutes NGOs
Position in the NGO hierarchy constitutes NGOs
Macro-historical waves constitute NGOs
Hegemonic power structures constitute NGOs
Towards a synthesis – practices and partners constitute NGOs
Conclusion: a degree of disenthrallment
Notes
References
Chapter 6: Rationalist explanations for NGOs
Introduction
The rationalist approach to NGOs
Rationalist explanations for NGO nature and behavior
Rationalist explanations for the influence of NGOs
Limitations and merits of rationalist explanations for NGOs
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 7: NGOs and post-positivism: two likely friends?
Post-positivism: why and in what way ‘post’?
From the periphery to the center: establishing NGOs as a relevant subject of analysis
From demonstrating NGO impact and influence toproblematizing the actors
From NGOs as actors to NGOs as structures
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: NGOs in constructivist international relations theory
The constitution of the modern international system
Sovereignty, collective identity, and public authority
The creation of NGOs as a residual category
Global and transnational paradigms
Critical perspectives of systemic collusion
Communicative and agonistic syntheses?
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 9: The aesthetic politics of NGOs
Introduction
Challenging prevailing wisdoms: ‘the aesthetic turn’ in IR
Emotion and representation in the image-making practices of NGOs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: NGOs and social movement theory
Introduction
Resource mobilisation theory: the how
Framing theory: bridging the how and why
Political opportunities: the where and the when
New social movement theory: the why
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: International NGOs in development studies
Understanding development NGOs
Conceptualising development NGOs in international relations
International development theories
Conceptualising development NGOs
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 12: NGOs and management studies
Introduction
NGOs as reluctant managers
The past: debates around NGOs and management
Conceptualising NGOs and management
The future: what can the study of NGOs teach management science?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: NGOs in international law: reconsidering personality and participation (again)
1. Introduction
2. The politics of international legal personality: legal positivism and its counter-narratives
3. Participation and its legal implications: moving beyond a socio-legal conception
4. Concluding remarks
Note
References
Chapter 14: Voluntaristics: global research on NGOs and the non-profit sector
Terminology
History of voluntaristics
Voluntaristics as an organized field
Current global structure of voluntaristics
Voluntaristics as an emergent academic discipline
Usable knowledge for NGOs from voluntaristics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Primary data on NGOs: pushing the bounds of present possibilities
Current quantitative NGO research
The challenges of quantitative NGO research
Promise for moving the NGO data possibility frontier forward
International NGO database
Notes
References
Part III: Issue-areas and sectors
Chapter 16: Feminist politics and NGO mobilization: can NGOs degender global governance?
Conceptualizing feminist organizing through NGOs
Debating NGOization
Changing the global governance of gender
The gains and costs of feminist NGO organizing against VAW
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 17: NGOs and labour
Early transnational advocacy networks
Workers’ protest and social ideas
The First International of 1864
The Second International’s national orientation (1889–1914)
The International Association for Labour Legislation (1900)
The tripartite International Labour Organization of 1919
International women’s NGOs and labour
Labour in the non-Western world
Uniting workers with different skin colours
The Cold War and after
Transnational labour networks
Labour and NGOs: conclusion
References
Chapter 18: NGOs and human rights
Defining human rights NGOs
Theoretical perspectives
Universalism vs. cultural relativism
Tactics and strategies of human rights NGOs
Influence of human rights NGOs
Contemporary challenges for human rights NGOs
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 19: Humanitarian NGOs
Defining humanitarianism and NGOs
Historical and political context
Types of humanitarian NGOs
Portraits of selected NGOs
Inside the black box – how do humanitarian NGOs work?
Not-so-distant suffering
Conclusions
References
Chapter 20:Five generations of NGOs in education: from humanitarianism to global capitalism
Introduction
Five generations of NGOs
Co-opted by global, platform capital: the PAL Network
Resisting neoliberalism in education: Education International
Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 21: The roles of the citizen sector in health and public health
The role of NGOs and CBOs – the role of the citizen sector
Citizen sector’s expanding roles in health and public health
The way forward: cross-sector partnerships, problem solving, coordination, and cooperation
In summary
Note
References
Chapter 22: NGOs and peace
1945–1960s: elite lobbying and the rise of antinuclear NGOs
The anti-Vietnam War movement: between respectability and radical politics
1970–1989: weapons politics under Cold War constraints
After the Cold War: norm-building without the great powers
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 23: NGOs and the environment
Introduction
A history of global environmental governance and the roles of NGOs therein
Similarities and differences between NGOs in global environmental governance
NGOs in global climate change governance
NGOs in climate diplomacy and beyond
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chatper 24: Civil society, expert communities, and private standards
Introduction
Standardisation, legitimacy, and civil society: a typology
Engineers, industrialists, and diplomats: the (re)organisation of technical governance
Beyond NGOs? Multi-stakeholder standards and ‘communities of governance’
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 25: An uncomfortable relationship: NGOs, trade associations, and the development of industry self-regulation
Introduction
Emerging relationships between NGOs and business
The nature of trade associations
Firm–NGO collective action through trade associations
Trade associations and NGOs: the concept of industry self-regulation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: NGOs and global trade
Introduction
What the literature says
A typology of NGOs in global trade
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 27: NGOs and professions
Introduction
Professional associations
Self-regulating bodies
International professional associations
Contemporary challenges
Conclusion
Funding
References
Chapter 28: Religiously affiliated NGOs
1. Introduction: a new and controversial field of analysis
2. Complex construction of NGOs and religions
3. Major topoi of the present-day debates
4. Networks of RINGOs in the context of the UN
5. Significance of the analysis of religiously affiliated NGOs
Acknowledgements
Notes
References
Part IV: Regional perspectives
Chapter 29: Transnational NGOs in the United States
The US environment
Accountability architecture: legal and cultural context
Sectoral and organizational attributes
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 30: NGOs in the European Union
Introduction
NGOs in Brussels
NGOs in the political system of the European Union
NGO activities in Brussels
Outlook and critique
Notes
References
Chapter 31: The non-profit sector in Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia
Approaches and terminology
The geographic scope and its significance
The state of knowledge about the NPS in the EERCA region
Distinctiveness of the NPS in the EERCA region
Impact of the communist past on the post-Soviet NPS in the EERCA region
The broader significance of research from the EERCA region
Note
References
Chapter 32: NGOs in East and Southeast Asia
Introduction
The legal context for NGOs and transnational networks
NGOs and transnational movements
A comparison of NGOs in China and Southeast Asia
Conclusions
References
Chapter 33: NGOs, democracy and development in Latin America
Civil society and NGOs as contentious conceptual objects
Origins and development of modern NGOs in Latin America
NGOs and the struggles for democracy and human rights
Governance, accountability and trust
Peacebuilding and regional integration
NGOs and the Washington Consensus
Funding patterns and the reshaping of civil society
Policymaking and advocacy networks
Preliminary conclusions on the impact and value of Latin American NGOs
Notes
References
Chapter 34: Civil societies and NGOs in the Middle East and North Africa: the cases of Egypt and Tunisia
Egyptian civil society and the renewal of authoritarianism in the name of the war on Islamic terror
Civil society and the “historic compromise” issue in Tunisia
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 35: NGOs in sub-Saharan Africa: potentials, constraints and diverging experiences
Introduction
Civil society in sub-Saharan Africa
Different origins of African NGOs
Regional experiences
The importance of context
Crowding out
Concluding remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 36: NGOs in South Asia
Introduction
Overview
India
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Nepal and Bhutan
Conclusion
Note
References
Part V: Contemporary challenges
Chapter 37: Democracy and NGOs
Democracy promotion and NGOs: historical context
NGOs and democracy assistance
NGOs and democracy benchmarks
NGOs and democracy within global governance institutions
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 38: NGOs and authoritarianism
Authoritarian institutions
NGOs and authoritarian institutions
International NGOs and legal restrictions on civil society
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 39: NGOs and security in conflict zones
Understanding the changing nature of security and conflicts: a theoretical overview
NGOs in the humanitarian system: issues and practices
NGOs and security in conflict zones: actual trends and practical implications
Crucial actors in a changing world
Notes
References
Chatper 40: NGOs and the challenge of global terrorism
Introduction
Global terrorism today
NGOs and terrorism
NGOs and counterterrorism
Concluding remarks
Notes
References
Chatper 41: International NGO legitimacy: challenges and responses
Introduction
The link between INGO legitimacy and purpose
The “4 Ps”: legitimacy dimensions
INGO legitimacy challenges: purpose, process, performance, people
INGO responses to legitimacy challenges
Conclusions
References
Chapter 42: NGO accountability
NGO accountability
Upwards accountability
Downwards accountability
Internal accountability
Horizontal accountability
Conclusion
References
Index