This handbook offers a critical and substantial analysis of maritime security and documents the most pressing strategic, economic, socio-cultural and legal questions surrounding it.
Written by leading international experts, this comprehensive volume presents a wide variety of theoretical positions on maritime security, detailing its achievements and outlining outstanding issues faced by those in the field. The book includes studies which cover the entire spectrum of activity along which maritime security is developing, including, piracy, cyber security, energy security, terrorism, narco-subs and illegal fishing. Demonstrating the transformative character and potential of the topic, the book is divided into two parts. The first part exhibits a range of perspectives and new approaches to maritime security, and the second explores emerging developments in the practice of security at sea, as well as regional studies written by local maritime security experts. Taken together, these contributions provide a compelling account of the evolving maritime security environment, casting fresh light on theoretical and empirical aspects.
The book will be of much interest to practitioners and students of maritime security, naval studies, security studies, maritime history, and International Relations in general.
Author(s): Ruxandra-Laura Boşilcă, Susana Ferreira, Barry J. Ryan
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 408
City: London
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Introduction: Surveying the Seascape
The Structure of the Handbook
Part 1 - Perspectives
Part 2 - Practices and Norms
The Seascape of Maritime Security
Notes
References
Part I: Perspectives on Maritime Security
1. Sea power in the Transformation of States and Overseas Empires (1500-1800)
Polities, States and Empires
Sea power and Polity-Formation
State Formation
Empire Formation
Hybrid Power at Sea: The Different Guises of Privateering
Conclusion
Notes
References
2. Maritime Security in a Critical Context
The Maritime Assemblage
The Birth of Maritime Security
The Buzzword
Conclusion
Notes
References
3. Maritime Security: "Good Navies" and Realism Re-imagined
The Geopolitical Angle
The Roles of the Traditional Navy
The Effect on Navies of the Realist Approach
Alternative Perspectives on Naval Roles
Balancing Modern and Post-modern Perspectives
Notes
References
4. Modern Maritime Strategy and Naval Warfare
Traditional Maritime Strategy
Contemporary Naval Doctrine and Maritime Strategy
New Challenges and Old Concepts
New Technology
Anti-Access/Area-Denial (A2/AD)
Conclusion
References
5. The Liberal Approach to Maritime Security
The normative definition of maritime security and its spatial conceptualisation: The zoning of the sea
A liberal agenda for maritime security
The influence of the liberal vision in the management of conventional threats at sea
Conclusion: A new conception of maritime security
References
6. Global Maritime Security Governance
Introduction
Securitisation of the Maritime Commons
Maritime Security Governance: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Conclusion: A Global System of Maritime Governance?
Notes
References
7. Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea
Introduction
International law and maritime security
A legal definition of maritime security?
Challenges for legal approaches to maritime security
Law of the sea and inter-state maritime security
Maritime security and the development of the law of the sea
UNCLOS' contribution to maritime security
Challenges for the law of the sea and maritime security between states
Law of the sea and non-state actors
Maritime security in areas under national jurisdiction
Maritime security in areas beyond national jurisdiction
Conclusions
References
8. Maritime Securitisation
Securitisation Theory
Maritime Securitisation
Geopolitics and Maritime Regional Security
Securitisation of Piracy and Maritime Transnational Crime
Securitisation of Maritime Immigration
Conclusions and Openings
References
9. Gender Perspectives on Maritime Security
Gender, Migration and Maritime Borders
Gender and Insecurity in the Mediterranean
Gendered Paradigms of Maritime Border Security: An Australian Example
Gender and Piracy: A Forgotten Perspective
Mainstreaming Gender into Maritime Security Strategies
Conclusions
References
10. Global Political Ethnography: A Methodological Approach to Studying Maritime Security Governance
Methodological approaches to the study of maritime security governance
Bringing global political ethnography to the maritime domain
Managing complexity, mitigating politics
Conclusion
Notes
References
11. The Politics of Piracy Numbers: The Gulf of Guinea Case
Introduction
The politics of numbers as a lens onto GoG-piracy and maritime crime
"Missing" numbers: Solution-side invisibilities and onshore invisibilities
Ballooning effects and a missing category
The politics of "missing" piracy numbers: What is not counted?
The politics of missing onshore numbers: Pirate groups
The politics of missing onshore numbers: Complicity
Beyond continuity: Ballooning effects and missing category
Double offshore ballooning
"Hidden" incident type
Conclusion
Notes
References
12. Visual Representations of the Sea
Colonial Cartography
Maritime Nationality
Migration and Materiality
Conclusion
References
Part II: Practices and Norms of Maritime Security
13. Human Rights and Law Enforcement at Sea
Introduction
The linkage between maritime security and human rights
The "human rights blindness" of the law of the sea
The "seablindness" of human rights law
Conclusion
References
Literature
Legal instruments
Case-law
14. Humans at Sea: Migrants, Refugees and Transnational Responses
A paradigm shift in migration: Between human security and maritime security
Humanitarian regime at sea
Historical evolution: From "boat people" to "irregular maritime migrants"
Political approaches: Lessons and perspectives
Conclusion
Notes
References
15. Contemporary Maritime Piracy and Counter-Piracy
Introduction
Definitions, conceptualisations and consequences
Causes and responses
Context matters
Cooperation and contestation - Responding to piracy
Lessons and perspectives
Private security
Naval responses
Beyond piracy
Informal governance
Maritime security capacity-building
African maritime renaissance
Conclusion
Notes
References
16. Maritime Terrorism
Why the maritime distinction?
Strategic considerations - Audience and change
Operational considerations - Skills and barriers
Terrorists and positions of weakness
Who engages in maritime terrorism, and is there a relationship between terrorism and other forms of maritime crime?
How the maritime domain is used - Attack typologies
Who uses the maritime domain - Prominent groups?
Levantine groups
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Al-Qaeda and affiliates
Houthis
Whither the crime-terror nexus?
What does the future hold for maritime terrorism and its study?
How might technology shape terror at sea?
Do human geographic trends portend shifts in political violence?
Does strategic competition among great powers portend shifts in terror trends?
Conclusion
Notes
References
17. Energy Security and Maritime Security
Threat assessment
Conventional state action or attacks
Militant/rebel forces action
Terrorism
Vulnerabilities of key petroleum infrastructure and shipping
Oil/gas fields, processing plants and tank storage farms
Security risk assessment
Threat and vulnerability
Threat likelihood and consequence
Environmental context for maritime insecurity: The impact of existential geopolitical risk
Conclusions and outlook
Notes
References
18. Cybersecurity and Disruptive Technologies
Introduction
Vessels as a cyber-physical environment
Ship-to-shore connection
Outdated and diverse systems
Autonomous vessels
Cybersecurity of vessels
What do we mean by cybersecurity?
Does cybersecurity matter in marine transport?
Threat analysis in the maritime sector
Threat actors
Cyber attacks on maritime ships
Attacks on enterprise and information assets
Attacks on navigation systems
Advanced persistent threats
Overcoming cyber threats to vessels
Existing cyber risk frameworks
Where frameworks fall short
Towards a legal framework for maritime cybersecurity
Cyber power in the maritime environment
Cyber risk management
Risk strategy for maritime vessels
Training
Cyber insurance
Transparency in reporting
Conclusion
References
19. The Nexus between Natural Resource Governance and Transnational Maritime Crime
Conceptualisation
Exploring the Nexus in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria in Focus
Challenges in the Oil Industry
Environmental Degradation
Corruption in the Oil Industry
Resource Abundance, Conflict and Political Violence in Nigeria
Maritime Crime in Nigeria
Bunkering
Piracy
Case Summary
Conclusion
References
20. Fisheries Crimes, Poverty and Food Insecurity
Fisheries Crimes
Poverty
Food Insecurity
Routes to Addressing These Often-Interdependent Challenges
Notes
References
21. Small Island Developing States and Maritime Security
SIDS as [Large] Ocean States: The Maritime Domain
Maritime Security and Sustainable Development
Coping with Maritime Security: Internal, Regional and International Implications
Conclusion
Notes
References
22. Maritime Security and the Blue Economy
The Blue Economy
Different Perspectives on the Blue Economy
Conflict and Communalities between Perspectives
Maritime Security and the Blue Economy
Maritime Security as an Enabler of the Blue Economy
The Blue Economy as an Enabler of Maritime Security
Maritime Security as a Part of the Blue Economy
International, Regional and National Blue Economy Strategies
International Blue Economy Initiatives
Regional Blue Economy Initiatives
National Blue Economy Initiatives
Potential and Limits of the Blue Economy Agenda for Maritime Security Governance
References
23. Securing Maritime Identities: The New Practices of Maritime Cultural Heritage
The Institutionalisation of Maritime Heritage
The Less Visible Faces of Maritime Heritage
The Fading of Maritime Cultures
Recovering Maritime Culture through Heritage: A Hopeful Future?
Towards the Construction of New Maritime Identities
Notes
References
24. Non-state and Hybrid Actorness at Sea: From Narco-Subs to Drone Patrols
Beyond Binaries: Mapping Non-state Actors across the Maritime Security Policy Cycle
Maritime Smuggling and Narco-Submarines: A Non-state Challenge to State Primacy?
Performing Security at Sea: The Hybrid Actorness of NGO IUU Enforcement
Shaping Security Policy at Sea: From Naval Institutes to Kayaktivists
Conclusion: Agency, Shape-Shifting and the Fetish of Non-state Status
Notes
References
25. The Privatisation of Maritime Security: Implications for International Security
International Shipping and the Rise of Piracy
Open Registries and International Shipping
Panama
Liberia
The Marshall Islands
Open Registries and Maritime Security Privatisation
Conclusion
Notes
References
26. NATO and Maritime Security in the North Atlantic
Context of Maritime (In)Security - Institutional Configurations and Ocean Policies
Interactions between Actors
Future Developments
Defence Investment
Technological Innovation
China
Climate Change
Conclusion
References
27. Maritime Security in the South Atlantic
The State of Maritime Insecurity in the South Atlantic
Drug Trafficking
Illegal Fishing
Armed Robbery and Piracy
The Rivalry of the Great Powers in the South Atlantic
The Setback of the South Atlantic Maritime Security Regimes
Conclusion
Note
References
28. Maritime Security in the Mediterranean
Introduction
Re-drawing the Mediterranean: From Land to Sea
The EU and Maritime Security in the Mediterranean
Maritime Security in the Mediterranean
An Overcrowded Area: Powers at Play
From Sophia to Irini: Human Maritime Insecurity Neglected but Not Gone
Overheating in the Eastern Mediterranean
Terrorism and Organised Crime
Maritime Security in the Mediterranean Updated
Conclusion
Note
References
29. Maritime Security in Southeast Asia
The Colonial Roots of Southeast Asia's Maritime Security
Delimiting Maritime Boundaries
Building Naval Assets
Instituting Maritime Security Cooperative Mechanisms
Supressing Piracy and Clandestine Groups
The South China Sea Imbroglio
Conclusion: Regionalising Maritime Security
Note
References
30. Maritime Security in the South China Sea
What Is the South China Sea, and Why Is It Important?
The Disputes
Strategic Factors Dominate
References
31. Maritime Security in the Arctic
The Arctic: Geopolitics, Economic Interests, Indigenous Peoples and the Environment
Analytical Framework, Methods and Operationalisation
Towards More Conflict in the Arctic?
Russia
The US
China
The European Union (EU)
Conclusion
Note
References
Index
