Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of illustrations
List of editors
List of contributors
Acknowledgements
1. Why do we need a handbook on disengagement and deradicalisation?
Concept and problems
Categorising disengagement and deradicalisation
Outline of the book
Note
References
PART I: Definitions, backgrounds and theories
2. Terminology and definitions
Radicalization
Deradicalization
Conclusion
References
3. Concepts and practices: a brief history of disengagement and deradicalisation
Re-educating Nazis
Deprogramming cult members
Rehabilitation, desistance and anti-gang work
Dissociati, “the third wave” and “social reinsertion”
Exit and disengagement from neo-Nazi and right-wing groups
Enter “deradicalisation”
Lessons forgotten and topics neglected?
Notes
References
4. Exploring the viability of phase-based models in (de)radicalization
Phase models to and from terrorism
A
general phase model of deradicalization
Moving between phases: triggers, needs, and resilience
Conclusions
References
5. Psychological approaches to terrorist rehabilitation: direct and indirect mechanisms of deradicalization
Theories of disengagement and deradicalization
(Direct) deradicalization via the narrative
(Indirect) deradicalization via the network
(Indirect) deradicalization via the need component
Conclusion
References
6. Gender, deradicalisation and disengagement
Gender, women and terrorism
Gender, deradicalisation and disengagement
Common pitfalls and ways to avoid them
Conclusion
References
7. Deradicalization or DDR?: The challenges emerging from variations in forms of territorial control
Variations over territorial presence and control
Deradicalization/disengagement in accepted presence and clandestine network scenarios
Territorial/semi-territorial scenarios
Notes
References
8. “Welcome” home: deradicalization of Jihadi foreign fighters
Who is a
foreign fighter?
Deradicalization programs for foreign fighters
Deradicalization of foreign fighters in Western democracies
Deradicalization of foreign fighters in Muslim countries
Conclusions: theoretical and policy insights
References
PART II: Actors
9. Prison-based deradicalization: what do we need to determine what works?
How big is the terrorist recidivist problem?
Overview of country-specific deradicalization and disengagement programs
Linking studies on criminal recidivism to terrorist recidivism
Program evaluation
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
References
10. Local governments’ role in disengagement, deradicalisation and reintegration initiatives
Ways in and out of extremism
Local governments’ functions, approaches and target groups
Welfare provision
Control and surveillance
Reconciliation and community acceptance
Coordination and cooperation
Challenges for local governments
Conclusion
Notes
References
11. Civil actors’ role in deradicalisation and disengagement initiatives: when trust is essential
Civil society actors
The entanglement of the state and the impossibility of staying neutral
An identity shaped by opposition to outer enemies
Personal experiences confirm the propaganda about state actors
When everything builds on a
trustful relationship
Similarities and differences between state and civil actors
The role of other (civil) society actors and concluding remarks
Notes
References
12. Deradicalization through religious education
A
religious approach to deradicalization and disengagement
Key concepts from the Qur’an: breaking the radical narrative
Readings of Islamic history
The central role of religious institutions
Conclusion
Note
References
13. United Nations and counter-terrorism: strategy, structure and prevention of violent extremism conducive to terrorism: a practitioner’s view
Historical development of the United Nations counter-terrorism structure
Basic normative documents: United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism
Strategy and Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism
United Nations counter-terrorism structure
Conclusion and outlook
References
14. Preventing radicalisation and enhancing disengagement in the European Union
EU counter-terrorism cooperation
The EU and the concept of ‘radicalisation’
Preventing and countering radicalisation in the EU: strategic aspects
Preventing and countering radicalisation in the EU: policy measures
Conclusion
References
15. African Union initiatives to counter terrorism and develop deradicalisation strategies
Historical overview of African initiatives to prevent
and combat terrorism
Protocol to the OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism
Plan of Action of the African Union High-Level
Inter-Governmental Meeting on the Prevention and
Combating of Terrorism in Africa
Peace and Security Council
African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism
African Union strategy for the Sahel region
Dealing with radicalisation as part of broader AU conflict mitigation strategies
Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
Phases in the DDR process
Conclusion
Notes
References
PART III: Regional case studies
16. Deradicalisation and disengagement in the Benelux: a variety of local approaches
The Belgian CVE context
The Dutch CVE context
Effectiveness of the Dutch and Belgium exit approach
Evaluations of the Dutch Probation Service
Evaluation of the Dutch local exit approaches
Evaluation of national exit facility Forsa
Evaluation of the Belgium (exit) approach
Conclusion
Note
References
17. Desistance and disengagement programme in the UK Prevent strategy: a public health analysis
Introduction
DDP, de-radicalisation and Prevent
The Public Health Model
Prevent: a
strategy in evolution
Classifying Prevent through the Public Health Model
Prevent: medicalising counter-terrorism
Conclusion
References
18. Promoting disengagement from violent extremism in Scandinavia: what, who, how?
Violent extremism in Scandinavia: a
brief overview
Efforts to promote disengagement: what, who, how?
Dilemmas and differing perspectives: central and local perspectives
Success criteria and legitimacy
Conclusion
Notes
References
19. Deradicalisation: China’s panacea for conflict resolution in Xinjiang
Ethnic radicalisation in Xinjiang
The process
– modes and agents of radicalisation
State responses to Uyghur radicalisation
Deradicalisation as a
strategic tool
Notes
References
20. Deradicalization and disengagement: context, actors, strategies and approaches in South Asia
Causes of radicalization in South Asia
Who does the deradicalization in South Asia? Common patterns
Conclusion
Notes
References
21. The politics of deradicalization in Israel/Palestine
The case of Israel/Palestine
“Security prisoners” and the state-security approach
Civil society and the political-transformative approach
Conclusion
Notes
References
22. Disengagement and preventing/countering violent extremism in the Horn of Africa: an analysis of contemporary approaches and discussion of the role disengagement can play in preventing/countering violent extremism
Methodology and limitations
Adapting P/CVE policies and approaches
Categorising prevention approaches
Conclusion
Notes
References
23. Turning the page on extremism: deradicalization in the North American context
Radicalization, deradicalization, and disengagement
Deradicalization programs in Canada and the United States
Conclusion: the trouble with deradicalization
Notes
References
24.
Deradicalization and disengagement in Latin America
Left-wing vs. right-wing disengagement
Chapter roadmap
The M-19 demobilization and reintegration process
The FARC demobilization and reintegration process
The Colombian paramilitaries demobilization process
The ongoing ELN peace process
The path to defeating the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso
Post-civil war ideological disengagement in Central America
Conclusion
References
25. Conclusion
Who is doing what, and why?
Challenges facing disengagement and deradicalisation
Note
Reference
Index